Frequency distributions of some parameters of negative downward lightning flashes based on accurate‐stroke‐count studies

Ballarotti, M. G.; Medeiros, C.; Saba, Marcelo M. F.; Schulz, Wolfgang; Pinto, O.

doi:10.1029/2011jd017135

Cited by 46 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This is an underestimation when compared to ground truth recordings. For instance, based on ground truth recordings in Belgium, Poelman et al (2013a) found a mean multiplicity for negative flashes of 3.7, while similar multiplicities are found in comparable ground truth studies at different regions (Rakov and Huffines, 2003;Saraiva et al, 2010;Ballarotti et al, 2012). Likewise, the high percentage of single stroke negative flashes is an overestimation with respect to ground truth observations, reporting in general values between 20 and 40 % (Fleenor et al, 2009;Biagi et al, 2007;Poelman et al, 2013a).…”

Section: Multiplicitymentioning

confidence: 86%

The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations

Poelman

Schulz

Diendorfer

et al. 2016

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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111

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Abstract. Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data from the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID) network over the period 2006-2014 are explored. Mean CG flash densities vary over the European continent, with the highest density of about 6 km −2 yr −1 found at the intersection of the borders between Austria, Italy and Slovenia. The majority of lightning activity takes place between May and September, accounting for 85 % of the total observed CG activity. Furthermore, the thunderstorm season reaches its highest activity in July, while the diurnal cycle peaks around 15:00 UTC. A difference between CG flashes over land and sea becomes apparent when looking at the peak current estimates. It is found that flashes with higher peak currents occur in greater proportion over sea than over land.

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Section: Multiplicitymentioning

confidence: 86%

The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations

Poelman

Schulz

Diendorfer

et al. 2016

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

Self Cite

111

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“…It is also similar to the results of Saba et al (2010), who found a geometric mean value of 61 ms between successive strokes in a given flash. Ballarotti et al (2012) reported an inter-stroke geometric mean of 64 ms, based on 3147 strokes. These studies support the validity of using a shorter temporal threshold for determining the stroke-flash conversion ratio.…”

Section: Methodology and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a time limit of 500 ms, as used by the NLDN, provides a higher reliability in the resulting flash data but may have erroneously lowered the total number of flashes. Ballarotti et al (2012) conducted an accurate stroke-count study using high-speed cameras (at 1000-8000 frames per second). They suggested using the new term N STF to describe the ratio between the average number of strokes per flash and the average number of ground contacts per flash.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightning flash multiplicity in eastern Mediterranean thunderstorms

Yair

Shalev

Erlich

et al. 2014

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Cloud-to-ground lightning flashes usually consist of one or several strokes coming in very short temporal succession and close spatial proximity. A commonly used method for converting stroke data into flashes is using the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) thresholds of maximum temporal separation of 0.5 s and maximum lateral distance of 10 km radius between successive strokes. In the present study, we tested a location-based algorithm with several spatial and temporal ranges, and analyzed stroke data obtained by the Israel Lightning Location System (ILLS) during one year (1.8.2009-31.7.2010). We computed the multiplicity, the percentage of single stroke flashes and the geographical distribution of average multiplicity values for thunderstorms in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Results show that for the NLDN thresholds, the percentage of single stroke flashes in Israel was 37 % and the average multiplicity was 1.7. We reanalyzed the data with a spatial range that equals twice the ILLS location error and shorter times. For the new thresholds of maximum distance of 2.5 km and maximum allowed temporal separation of 0.2 s we find that the mean multiplicity of negative CGs is lowered to 1.

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“…Conversely, Yair et al (2014), relying on results obtained by "video-multiplicity" studies (e.g. Stall et al, 2009;Saba et al, 2010;Ballarotti et al, 2012), suggested narrowing the stroke grouping criteria, using a distance equal to twice the location accuracy of the LLS (e.g. 2.5 km) an inter-stroke duration of 200 ms and no restrictions about the maximum flash duration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal dimension of lightning flashes based on three-dimensional Lightning Mapping Array

López

Pineda

Montanyà

et al. 2017

Atmospheric Research

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ABSTRACT3D mapping system like the LMA -Lightning Mapping Array -are a leap forward in lightning observation. LMA measurements has lead to an improvement on the analysis of the fine structure of lightning, allowing to characterize the duration and maximum extension of the cloud fraction of a lightning flash. During several years of operation, the first LMA deployed in Europe has been providing a large amount of data which now allows a statistical approach to compute the full duration and horizontal extension of the in-cloud phase of a lightning flash. The "Ebro Lightning Mapping Array" (ELMA) is used in the present study. Summer and winter lighting were analyzed for seasonal periods (Dec-Feb and Jun-Aug). A simple method based on an ellipse fitting technique (EFT) has been used to characterize the spatio-temporal dimensions from a set of about 29,000 lightning flashes including both summer and winter events. Results show an average lightning flash duration of 440 ms (450 ms in winter) and a horizontal maximum length of 15.0 km (18.4 km in winter). The uncertainties for summer lightning lengths were about ± 1.2 km and ± 0.7 km for the mean and median values respectively. In case of winter lightning, the level of uncertainty reaches up to 1 km and 0.7 km of mean and median value. The results of the successful correlation of CG discharges with the EFT method, represent 6.9% and 35.5% of the total LMA flashes detected in summer and winter respectively. Additionally, the median value of lightning lengths calculated through this correlative method was approximately 17 km for both seasons. On the other hand, the highest median ratios of lightning length to CG discharges in both summer and winter were reported for positive CG discharges.

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Frequency distributions of some parameters of negative downward lightning flashes based on accurate‐stroke‐count studies

Cited by 46 publications

References 38 publications

The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations

The European lightning location system EUCLID – Part 2: Observations

Lightning flash multiplicity in eastern Mediterranean thunderstorms

Spatio-temporal dimension of lightning flashes based on three-dimensional Lightning Mapping Array

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