“…The RCTs employed different stimulation targets: the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [1][2][3][4][5][6][9][10][11]13,16,17 , the right DLPFC 8,14,15,18 , or bilateral DLPFC 7,12,17,19 . The majority of studies delivered high-frequency stimulation (HFS) 1,3-6,9-13,16,18 , while some delivered low-frequency stimulation (LFS) 3 The issue of treatment-emergent affective switches in managing bipolar depression is important and controversial, and extends to neuromodulatory treatments. We observed a very low rate of treatment-emergent affective switches, and we did not observe an increased risk associated with active rTMS (1/ 106, 0.9% vs. 1/75, 1.3%, p50.97).…”