Frequency and thermal studies of dielectric permittivity and Raman analysis of Ba0.97La0.02Ti0.98Nb0.016O3

Structural and morphological studies, and temperature/frequency dependence of electrical conductivity of Ba0.97La0.02Ti1−xNb4x/5O3 perovskite ceramics

“…It is noted that all of the prepared compounds have maintained the pure tetragonal structure with space group P4/mmm, consistent with earlier reports. 24,26,29 Additionally, no traces of impurity phase can be seen in our samples. All of the reection peaks are indexed in diverse crystal systems and unit cell congurations.…”

“…A similar category of microstructure is found in some materials of this family. 24,26 We can note that the average particle size decreases with the addition of La 3+ as well as the increase of Nb levels. This means that doping with Nb 5+ at the B-site has a signicant effect on the microstructure of the compounds.…”

“…The mixture was prepared following the steps described in our previous article. 24 At room temperature, phase purity and crystallinity were assessed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis utilizing Cu-Ka radiation (l CuKa ¼ 1.54060 A) with 2q ranging from 0 to 80 . The microstructure was examined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at room temperature.…”