Frequency and Pathological Phenotype of Bovine Astrovirus CH13/NeuroS1 Infection in Neurologically-Diseased Cattle: Towards Assessment of Causality

Selimovic-Hamza, Senija; Boujon, Céline Louise; Hilbe, Monika; Oevermann, Anna; Seuberlich, Torsten

doi:10.3390/v9010012

Cited by 37 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…To date, nine cases of meningoencephalitis have been attributed to human astroviruses, with astrovirus VA1 (VA1) as the most frequent astrovirus genotype (Brown et al, 2015;Cordey et al, 2016;Fremond et al, 2015;Lum et al, 2016;Naccache et al, 2015;Quan et al, 2010;Sato et al, 2016;Wunderli et al, 2011). In one study of cattle, astroviruses account for 34% of cases of encephalitis that were previously without an identified etiology (Selimovic-Hamza et al, 2017).…”

Section: Commentary Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and Propagation of Astrovirus VA1 in Cell Culture

Janowski

Wang

2018

CP Microbiology

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Astrovirus VA1/HMO‐C (VA1) is the representative genotype of mamastrovirus 9, a species of the single‐stranded, positive‐sense RNA viral family, Astroviridae. Astroviruses have been traditionally considered pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract but they have been recently associated with neurological diseases in humans, cattle, mink, sheep, and pigs. VA1 is the astrovirus genotype most commonly identified from human cases of meningoencephalitis and has been recently propagated in cell culture. VA1 can now be used as a model system to study pathogenesis of the neurological diseases associated with astrovirus infection. In this article, we describe two fundamental assays to quantify replication and propagation of VA1, a quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) to measure viral RNA and a 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay to measure infectious viral particles. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Section: Commentary Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and Propagation of Astrovirus VA1 in Cell Culture

Janowski

Wang

2018

CP Microbiology

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“…Duck astroviruses have been shown to be associated with duck viral hepatitis (DVH) [25]. Many studies have reported that some AstV strains, such as the human astrovirus MLB and VA strains, bovine astrovirus NeuroS1 strain, PAstV type 3, and mink astrovirus SMS strain, can damage the central nervous system (CNS) and cause encephalitis and meningitis [22,[26][27][28][29], suggesting the potential for the extraintestinal and neuropathology infection processes of astroviruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Characteristics of a Porcine Astrovirus Strain Isolated in China

Fang

Wang

Liu

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Astroviral infection is considered to be one of the causes of mammalian diarrheal diseases. It has been shown that astrovirus infections cause varying degrees of diarrhea in turkeys and mice. However, the pathogenesis of porcine astrovirus is unknown. In this study, the virulence of a cytopathic porcine astrovirus (PAstV) strain (PAstV1-GX1) isolated from the PK-15 cell line was tested using seven-day-old nursing piglets. The results showed that PAstV1-GX1 infection could cause mild diarrhea, growth retardation, and damage of the villi of the small intestinal mucosa. However, all the above symptoms could be restored within 7 to 10days post inoculation (dpi). To evaluate the innate immunity response of PAstV in vivo, the alteration of inflammatory cytokine expression in piglets infected with PAstV1-GX1 was determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The mRNA expression levels of the IFNβ and ISG54 were found to be significantly elevated in virus-infected piglets. In contrast, expression of IFNλ was downregulated in piglets infected with PAstV1-GX1. In addition, the mRNA expression of the tight junction protein 1 and 2 and zonula occludin 1, which are associated with the intestinal barrier permeability, were affected after PAstV1 infection. The present study adds to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of PAstV and has established an animal model for further study of pig astrovirus infection.

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“…In minks, an astrovirus genotype is the causative agent of shaking mink syndrome, a neurological disorder of minks characterized by tremors and seizures (40,41). Bovine astroviruses have been identified as a significant cause of encephalitis in cattle, as these viruses have been detected in 34% of previously unexplained cases of encephalitis (42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47). An additional astrovirus genotype has also been identified as a cause of encephalitis in sheep (48).…”

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confidence: 99%

Propagation of Astrovirus VA1, a Neurotropic Human Astrovirus, in Cell Culture

Janowski

Bauer

Holtz

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Astrovirus VA1/HMO-C (VA1; mamastrovirus 9) is a recently discovered astrovirus genotype that is divergent from the classic human astroviruses (mamastrovirus 1). The gastrointestinal tract is presumed to be the primary site of infection and pathogenicity for astroviruses. However, VA1 has been independently detected in brain tissue of five cases of human encephalitis. Studies of the pathogenicity of VA1 are currently impossible because there are no reported cell culture systems or in vivo models that support VA1 infection. Here, we describe successful propagation of VA1 in multiple human cell lines. The initial inoculum, a filtered clinical stool sample from the index gastroenteritis case cluster that led to the discovery of VA1, was first passaged in Vero cells. Serial blind passage in Caco-2 cells yielded increasing copies of VA1 RNA, and multistep growth curves demonstrated a Ͼ100-fold increase in VA1 RNA 72 h after inoculation. The full-length genomic and subgenomic RNA strands were detected by Northern blotting, and crystalline lattices of viral particles of ϳ26-nm diameter were observed by electron microscopy in infected Caco-2 cells. Unlike other human astrovirus cell culture systems, which require addition of exogenous trypsin for continued propagation, VA1 could be propagated equally well with or without the addition of trypsin. Furthermore, VA1 was sensitive to the type I interferon (IFN-I) response, as VA1 RNA levels were reduced by pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with IFN-␤1a. The ability to propagate VA1 in cell culture will facilitate studies of the neurotropism and neuropathogenesis of VA1.IMPORTANCE Astroviruses are an emerging cause of central nervous system infections in mammals, and astrovirus VA1/HMO-C is the most prevalent astrovirus in cases of human encephalitis. This virus has not been previously propagated, preventing elucidation of the biology of this virus. We describe the first cell culture system for VA1, a key step necessary for the study of its ability to cause disease.KEYWORDS astrovirus, astrovirus VA1, cell culture, electron microscopy, encephalitis, pathogenesis, subgenomic RNA, viral propagation I nitially identified in 1975, members of the single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viral family Astroviridae have been frequently detected in vertebrate stool samples (1, 2). In humans, the first identified astrovirus species was mamastrovirus 1 (classic human astrovirus), and eight serotypes of this virus have been described (2-4). Most humans are exposed to the classic human astroviruses with seroprevalence as high as 94% to specific serotypes (5-9). The classic human astroviruses predominantly cause a selflimited gastrointestinal illness and have been characterized as the third-to fifth-mostcommon viral etiology of diarrhea and gastroenteritis in humans (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).Astroviruses contain three open reading frames (ORFs) and based on conserved genomic elements are hypothesized to share common mechanisms of replication (2). Astroviruses encode a slippery sequence and stem-...

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Frequency and Pathological Phenotype of Bovine Astrovirus CH13/NeuroS1 Infection in Neurologically-Diseased Cattle: Towards Assessment of Causality

Cited by 37 publications

References 22 publications

Infection and Propagation of Astrovirus VA1 in Cell Culture

Infection and Propagation of Astrovirus VA1 in Cell Culture

Pathogenic Characteristics of a Porcine Astrovirus Strain Isolated in China

Propagation of Astrovirus VA1, a Neurotropic Human Astrovirus, in Cell Culture

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