Frequency and intensity of pyrethroid resistance through the CDC bottle bioassay and their association with the frequency of <i>kdr</i> mutations in <scp><i>Aedes aegypti</i></scp> (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico

López-Monroy, Beatriz; Gutierrez-Rodriguez, Selene M; Villanueva-Segura, Olga Karina; Ponce‐García, Gustavo; Morales-Forcada, Franco; Alvarez, Leslie Cramblet; Flores, Adriana E.

doi:10.1002/ps.4916

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…In America, kdr mutations have been reported in Ae. aegypti populations from Ecuador, (22), United States (23, 24), Colombia (25, 26), México (27–29), Brazil (30–35), Lesser Antilles (36–40), French Guiana (37), Venezuela (29, 41), Cuba (29, 39), Panamá (42), Puerto Rico (43). This is the first report of kdr mutations for the countries included in this study, except for Haiti (87).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resistance to pyrethroids in mosquitoes have been widely associated with the F1534C (21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 39–41, 83, 88–101) and V1016I mutations (24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 88, 93, 97, 100, 102, 103). The simultaneous presence of both mutations has been associated with enhanced tolerance to deltamethrin in the past (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The need to harmonize insecticide resistance testing: methodology, intensity concentrations and molecular mechanisms evaluated in Aedes aegypti populations in Central America and Hispaniola

Ledoux

Gutiérrez

Lobo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundThe Zika AIRS Project, a USAID-funded initiative worked across the Latin America and Caribbean regions from 2016 to 2019, as an emergency to contain the spread of the Zika virus. All entomological records in the target countries showed wide distribution and high abundance of Aedes aegypti populations, however the susceptibility profiles of these insects to insecticides commonly employed by vector control campaigns were in most cases incomplete or inexistent. In close collaboration with the Ministries of Health of individual countries, Zika-AIRS teams conducted insecticide susceptibility testing of an array of insecticides in A. aegypti populations of each country. Procedures applied met the standard international protocols instructed by the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Methodology and main findingsThe insecticides tested were selected under categories such as pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamate. Results showed A. aegypti populations displaying high and widely distributed resistance to all pyrethroids across countries, tolerance to organophosphates and full susceptibility to a carbamate. Key inconsistencies between testing methods are presented and discussed. Additionally, four kdr mutations were analyzed to detect molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance. The screening for kdr mutations suggested the widespread nature of V1016I mutation, linked to pyrethroid resistance in A. aegypti populations distributed and sampled in the above mentioned regions.Conclusions and perspectivesThis multi-country study contributes with updated information to the public health decision-makers across Central America and the Caribbean. This study provided training and established technical networks for more effective and sustainable insecticide surveillance programs. Most but not all records of insecticide resistance in A. aegypti were consistent between methodologies, thus inconsistent issues are discussed here to call for further improvement in procedures and convey more practical guidelines for surveillance teams in countries where Aedes-borne diseases are endemic.Author summaryAt the forefront of the fight against arboviruses transmission is the insecticide-based vector control. All countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region invest valuable resources from their limited budget to acquire and implement insecticide-based tools, with non-existent or weak insecticide resistance monitoring programs. Hence, the USAID-funded Zika AIRS Project (ZAP) collaborated with the Ministries of Health of multiple countries to update the profile of susceptibility to insecticides in Aedes aegypti populations. We found widespread resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides, which account to almost 100% of the products available to control adult mosquitoes. As we used both of World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standard methods, we found many similarities and some inconsistencies in the susceptibility profiles obtained for the very same vector populations. Additionally, we obtained insight on potential molecular mechanisms of resistance across the countries, finding the kdr mutation V1016I possibly involved in loss of susceptibility.This study is the biggest cross-country update of insecticide resistance for Aedes aegypti in years, and it should be used as evidence for improving the selection of insecticides in these countries and a call for further support to maintain insecticide resistance monitoring programs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The need to harmonize insecticide resistance testing: methodology, intensity concentrations and molecular mechanisms evaluated in Aedes aegypti populations in Central America and Hispaniola

Ledoux

Gutiérrez

Lobo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…KC 50 and LC 50 values were compared between generations to monitor changes in resistance. The KC 50 and LC 50 values were considered significantly different if their 95% confidence intervals did not overlap.…”

Section: Selection With Deltamethrinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of deltamethrin selection on kdr mutations and insecticide detoxifying enzymes in Aedes aegypti from Mexico

et al. 2020

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Background: Insecticide resistance is a serious problem for vector control programmes worldwide. Resistance is commonly attributed to mutations at the insecticide's target site or increased activity of detoxification enzymes. Methods: We determined the knockdown concentration (KC 50) and lethal concentration (LC 50) of deltamethrin in six natural populations of adult Aedes aegypti from southeastern Mexico. These populations were then selected over five generations using the LC 50 from the preceding generation that underwent selection, and the heritability of deltamethrin resistance was quantified. For each generation, we also determined the frequency of the kdr alleles L410, I1016 and C1534, and the levels of activity of three enzyme families (α-and β-esterases, mixed-function oxidases and glutathione S-transferases (GST)) associated with insecticide detoxification. Results: There was an increase in KC 50 and LC 50 values in the subsequent generations of selection with deltamethrin (F S5 vs F S0). According to the resistance ratios (RRs), we detected increases in LC 50 ranging from 1.5 to 5.6 times the values of the parental generation and in KC 50 ranging from 1.3-3.8 times the values of the parental generation. Triple homozygous mutant individuals (tri-locus, LL/II/CC) were present in the parental generations and increased in frequency after selection. The frequency of L410 increased from 1.18-fold to 2.63-fold after selection with deltamethrin (F S5 vs F S0) in the populations analyzed; for I1016 an increase between 1.19-fold to 2.79-fold was observed, and C1534 was fixed in all populations after deltamethrin selection. Enzymatic activity varied significantly over the generations of selection. However, only α-esterase activity remained elevated in multiple populations after five generations of deltamethrin selection. We observed an increase in the mean activity levels of GSTs in two of the six populations analyzed. Conclusions: The high levels of resistance and their association with high frequencies of kdr mutations (V410L, V1016I and F1534C) obtained through artificial selection, suggest an important role of these mutations in conferring resistance to deltamethrin. We highlight the need to implement strategies that involve the monitoring of kdr frequencies in insecticide resistance monitoring and management programmes.

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“…The resistance intensity rapid diagnostic test (I-RDT) of analytes was tested by the CDC bottle bioassay method according to the reported procedure. 7,26,28 The reference for whether a mosquito is dead is based on the bottle biological method proposed by the US CDC, that is, it cannot stand or when the bottle is gently rotated it cannot slide along the curvature of the bottle.…”

Section: Resistance Intensity Rapid Diagnostic Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4] In addition, due to the long-term and large-scale use of pyrethroids, many insects have developed resistance to them, which in turn invalidated the pyrethroid vector control project. [5][6][7][8] For this reason, it is necessary to develop novel pyrethroids with better insecticidal activity, low drug resistance, and less environmental pollution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, insecticidal activities and resistance in Aedes albopictus and cytotoxicity of novel dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids

Zhu

Yang

Lao

et al. 2019

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: The use of safe and effective insecticides against mosquito-borne stocks is still one of the most effective ways to rapidly interrupt the spread of diseases such as malaria, dengue etc., but many insects are resistant to most insecticides and most of the traditional pyrethroids (like permethrin, deltamethrin etc.) contain phenoxy groups so it is easy to form dibenzofuran, a pollutant, after photodegradation. It is therefore necessary to synthesize novel pyrethroids which have better mosquito-killing activity, poor resistance to mosquitoes, and no dibenzofuran formation during photodegradation. RESULTS: A series of novel dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids were synthesized to enhance antimosquito activity. Bioassays based on the guidelines of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that the synthesized compounds DCA-O (LC 50 = 2.95 ± 0.05 g L −1 ), DCA-01 (LC 50 = 5.83 ± 0.36 g L −1 ) and DCA-11 (LC 50 = 5.79 ± 1.51 g L −1 ) exhibit high insecticidal activities and sensitivity against Aedes albopictus while deltamethrin and permethrin produced moderate levels of resistance. Moreover, the analysis of the photodegradation implies that the novel compounds synthesized by substituting a phenoxy group with a heterocyclic ring do not form dibenzofuran, a pollutant. Lastly, the cytotoxicity data of pyrethroids on human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells confirm that the synthesized compounds have low toxicity for the cells. CONCLUSION: Novel dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids, made by simple synthesis steps, have better antimosquito activity, lower drug resistance, are less polluting to the environment and show low toxicity to human nerve cells. This also provides an effective idea for the synthesis of pyrethroids. Novel dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids have better antimosquito activity, lower drug resistance, are less polluting to the environment, ahow low toxicity to human nerve cells and simple synthesis steps.

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Frequency and intensity of pyrethroid resistance through the CDC bottle bioassay and their association with the frequency of kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

The need to harmonize insecticide resistance testing: methodology, intensity concentrations and molecular mechanisms evaluated in Aedes aegypti populations in Central America and Hispaniola

The need to harmonize insecticide resistance testing: methodology, intensity concentrations and molecular mechanisms evaluated in Aedes aegypti populations in Central America and Hispaniola

Impact of deltamethrin selection on kdr mutations and insecticide detoxifying enzymes in Aedes aegypti from Mexico

Synthesis, insecticidal activities and resistance in Aedes albopictus and cytotoxicity of novel dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids

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