Frequency and functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Associations with suicidal thoughts and behaviors

Paul, Elise; Tsypes, Aliona; Eidlitz, Laura; Ernhout, Carrie; Whitlock, Janis

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.026

Cited by 127 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Supporting this notion, those with a history of NSSI do not view pain as aversive, which may significantly impact the pain barrier of self-injurious behavior (Franklin et al, 2013). Overall, these findings are consistent with ample research indicating that greater NSSI frequency is a significant risk factor for SAs (e.g., Victor and Klonsky, 2014; Paul et al, 2015), as indicated by the IPTS (Joiner, 2005). Findings also add to this literature by suggesting that NSSI engagement may be particularly instrumental in acquiring capability for SA if a low degree of pain is experienced during these acts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The majority of extant research indicates that NSSI frequency is indeed associated with SA (Andover and Gibb, 2010; Darke et al, 2010; Paul et al, 2015). However, a few studies have suggested a relationship inconsistent with these findings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a few studies have suggested a relationship inconsistent with these findings. It was found that SA risk may increase up to a certain point among those engaging in NSSI (e.g., 50 incidents of NSSI), but decrease thereafter (Whitlock and Knox, 2007; Paul et al, 2015). Moreover, it also has been suggested that there is no relationship between the frequency of NSSI behavior and risk for SA (Nock et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there is a strong literature demonstrating a predictive relationship between NSSI frequency and SA (Andover and Gibb, 2010; Darke et al, 2010; Paul et al, 2015), it does not account for all variability in the presence of SA; thus, it is important to consider the number of NSSI methods used and pain experienced during NSSI as they relate to SA (Joiner, 2005; Klonsky and Olino, 2008; Van Orden et al, 2010; Victor and Klonsky, 2014). As such, in the current study, we hypothesized that each of these three characteristics would individually be associated with SA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Subjective pain during NSSI as an active agent in suicide risk

Ammerman

Burke

Alloy

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research

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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been identified as a correlate and predictor of suicidal ideation and attempts. Given the high rates of NSSI presence among adolescents and young adults, it is important to identify specific characteristics of NSSI that might place individuals who engage in this behavior at highest risk for suicidal behaviors. NSSI is thought to increase the acquired capability for suicide via habituation to self-harm, though the NSSI characteristics most responsible for this relationship are unclear. The current study examined three characteristics of NSSI (frequency, number of methods, and subjective pain) that may help to elucidate this risk relationship. University students (N = 997) with a history of NSSI completed measures assessing lifetime NSSI frequency, number of NSSI methods employed, and subjective experience of pain during NSSI, as well as suicide attempt (SA) history. Results indicated that NSSI frequency, number of NSSI methods, and subjective pain experienced during NSSI were each positively associated with a SA history. Further, subjective pain experienced during NSSI moderated the relationship between NSSI frequency and SA history, such that the association between NSSI frequency and SA history was stronger for individuals who experienced lower levels of subjective pain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Subjective pain during NSSI as an active agent in suicide risk

Ammerman

Burke

Alloy

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, some studies have found that increasing numbers of functions endorsed for NSSI was significantly related to increased suicide risk (Paul et al, 2015; Whitlock et al, 2008). Reporting a greater number of functions for NSSI may be a sign that the behavior is becoming a generalized coping strategy, used across distressing situations, and may act as a marker for increasingly frequent and/or clinically severe NSSI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: Does Criterion B add diagnostic utility?

Brausch

Muehlenkamp

Washburn

2016

Psychiatry Research

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The current paper evaluates Criterion B for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Disorder, which states that non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) must occur for at least one function. The majority of individuals who engage in NSSI report at least one function, so it is unclear if Criterion B provides diagnostic utility in individuals who already meet Criterion A (i.e., NSSI occurring on 5 or more days in the past 12 months). This paper compared individuals meeting Criterion A (threshold group) to those with 1-4 acts of NSSI in the past year (subthreshold group) in two different samples. The first sample included 217 undergraduate students, and the second sample included 1082 individuals from a behavioral health hospital, all with past-year NSSI. The majority of both samples reported at least one function of NSSI (99%). For the undergraduate sample, the number of and level of endorsement of functions were similar across threshold and subthreshold groups. For the behavioral health sample, the threshold group endorsed significantly more functions for NSSI and greater endorsement of affect regulation, self-punishment, and toughness compared to the subthreshold group. While some differences were found between NSSI groups, overall endorsement of functions for NSSI appears to be a universal characteristic regardless of NSSI frequency.

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How others respond to non‐suicidal self‐injury disclosure: A systematic review

Park

Mahdy

Ammerman

2020

Community & Applied Soc Psy

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Non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is an increasing health concern. Despite the potential benefits of disclosing the behaviour, many decide not to do so because of the fear of negative social reactions. In this review, we examined the existing research on reported and perceived reactions to NSSI disclosure with the aim of identifying how an individual who discloses their NSSI perceives others' responses to this disclosure, with the ultimate goal of understanding how these reactions may impact those who disclose their NSSI. Among the initial 275 studies, 10 fit the inclusion criteria. Three studies reported perceived responses by individuals who had disclosed their NSSI; six studies examined self‐reported responses by others; one study focused on disclosures online. Individuals who disclosed their NSSI often received negative responses, which caused them to withdraw from seeking further help. On the other hand, recipients' reactions to NSSI disclosure varied based on NSSI characteristics such as its perceived cause and/or underlying motivation. Results highlight the importance of providing support rather than searching for the underlying drives of NSSI.

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Frequency and functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Associations with suicidal thoughts and behaviors

Cited by 127 publications

References 41 publications

Subjective pain during NSSI as an active agent in suicide risk

Subjective pain during NSSI as an active agent in suicide risk

Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: Does Criterion B add diagnostic utility?

How others respond to non‐suicidal self‐injury disclosure: A systematic review

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