Frequency and determinants of thyroid autoimmunity in Ghanaian type 2 diabetes patients: a case-control study

Abstract

BackgroundThe link between type 1 diabetes and thyroid autoimmunity is well described. The same cannot be said for type 2 diabetes where results have been mixed so far. We investigated the prevalence and determinants of thyroid autoimmunity among Ghanaian type 2 diabetes patients.MethodsThis was a case-control study involving 302 type 2 diabetes patients and 310 non - diabetic controls aged 40–80 years. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were obtained. Fasting samples were analyzed for glucose, thyroid function, and antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase.ResultsThe prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity was significantly higher among T2DM subjects (12.2% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.0004). Among T2DM subjects, 44 (14.7%) tested positive for TPOAb, 5 (1.7%) tested positive for TGAb and 15 (5.0%) tested positive for both autoantibodies. Females T2DM subjects showed a 3-fold increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity compared to males (OR:3.16, p =0.004), T2DM subjects with hyperthyroidism had a 41% increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity (OR: 1.41, p < 0.001), sub-clinical hyperthyroidism increased the risk of thyroid autoimmunity by 2 fold, (OR:2.19, p < 0.001), subclinical hypothyroidism increased the risk of autoimmunity by 4-fold, (OR:3.57 95% p < 0.0001), and hypothyroidism was associated with a 61% increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity (OR: 1.61,1.35–2.23). Dyslipidaemia was associated with a 44% increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity (OR: 1.44, p = 0.01) and a percentage increase in HbA1c was associated with 46% increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity (OR:1.46, p < 0.0001).ConclusionWe observed a high prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in Ghanaian T2DM subjects compared to the general population. Thyroid autoimmunity in T2DM subjects was significantly associated with female gender, thyroid dysfunction, dyslipidaemia and poor glycemic control.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0152-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Rising Thyroid Disorders Among Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Patients: Case-Control Study

“…It is worth to note that very impress prevention of T2DM is necessary to reduce the increases rate of thyroid in the population. Further, the current subjects with T2DM also had a higher prevalence and larger thyroid nodules size which is confirmative with an earlier reported strong correlations between insulin resistance and thyroid nodule size (Al-Wazzan et al, 2010;Sarfo-Kantanka et al, 2017).…”

“…In fact, T2DM and thyroid dysfunction are highly correlated as the two commonest endocrinological medical conditions reported in clinical practice (Akbar et al, 2006;Marrero, 2009;Papazafiropoulou et al, 2010;Ghazali & Abbiyesuku, 2010;Wang et al, 2015;Centeno Maxzud et al, 2016;Sarfo-Kantanka et al, 2017;Malaguarnera et al, 2017). Further, some authors indicated that thyroid volume are associated with iodine deficiency and supply, Body Mass Index, gender, age, cigarettes smoking, genetic factors, FBG and T2DM severity (Bener et al, 2009;Duran et al, 2014;Kir et al, 2018;Rezzonico et al, 2008;Bener et al, 2018).…”

“…Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and thyroid dysfunction are both the main threats world wide and affetc the health and economic of most developed and developing countries (Alberti et al, 2009;Bener et al, 2009). T2DM very rapidly increasing the risk of coronary heart diseases (Al-Wazzan et al, 2010;Bener at al., 2014;Bener et al, 2016) and thyroid dysfunction in the long term (Akbar et al, 2006;Marrero, 2009;Papazafiropoulou et al, 2010;Ghazali & Abbiyesuku, 2010;Wang et al, 2015;Centeno Maxzud et al, 2016;Sarfo-Kantanka et al, 2017;Malaguarnera et al, 2017;Bener et al, 2018). Although, lifestyle factors, regular physical exercise, appropriate diet are main essential elements in the prevention of T2DM (Bener et al, 2016).…”

“…T2DM is very common disease related to risk factor such as overweight, obesity, sedentary lifestyles, stress, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia ( Bener et al, 2009;Bener et al, 2016;Marrero, 2009;Wang et al, 2015;Centeno Maxzud et al, 2016;Sarfo-Kantanka et al, 2017;Ghazali & Abbiyesuku, 2010). Several authors reported that T2DM as risk factor for coronary heart disease and thyroid thyroid nodules (Akbar et al, 2006;Marrero, 2009 ;Papazafiropoulou et al, 2010;Ghazali & Abbiyesuku, 2010;Wang et al, 2015;Centeno Maxzud et al, 2016;Sarfo-Kantanka et al, 2017;Malaguarnera et al, 2017). The range of thyroid disorders such as diabetes is very wide; and it is frequently does change in epidemiology, this has been observed by iodine levels seen in the population (Marrero, 2009;Weetman, 2011;Wang et al, 2015;Centeno Maxzud et al, 2016).…”

“…The range of thyroid disorders such as diabetes is very wide; and it is frequently does change in epidemiology, this has been observed by iodine levels seen in the population (Marrero, 2009;Weetman, 2011;Wang et al, 2015;Centeno Maxzud et al, 2016). In some parts of the world where intake of iodine, a major component of thyroid hormones which represent the most common cause of thyroid pathology (Sarfo-Kantanka et al, 2017).…”