Frequency and Circadian Timing of Eating May Influence Biomarkers of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance Associated with Breast Cancer Risk

Marinac, Catherine R.; Sears, Dorothy D.; Natarajan, Loki; Gallo, Linda C.; Breen, Caitlin I.; Patterson, Ruth E.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136240

Cited by 95 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…9 In the second analysis, a longer duration of nightly fasting was associated with significantly lower C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in women who eat less than 30% of their total daily energy intake after 5 pm . 10 Taken together, the rodent and human data support the hypothesis that a prolonged nightly fasting interval could reduce cancer risk and improve cancer outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Nonetheless, a recent analysis of 2019 adult women in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that a longer nightly fasting duration was associated with significantly lower CRP concentrations, but only in women who ate less than 30% of their daily calories after 5 pm . 10 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, a novel theorem has emerged that when we eat also matters, with research showing that the timing of food intake influences metabolic health and cancer. 6-10 Landmark studies demonstrate that a recurring, prolonged (16-hour) fasting regimen during the sleep phase protects mice who were fed a high-fat diet against abnormal glucose metabolism, inflammation, and weight gain, all of which are associated with poor cancer outcomes. 11,12 …”

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confidence: 99%

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Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Prognosis

et al. 2016

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IMPORTANCE Rodent studies demonstrate that prolonged fasting during the sleep phase positively influences carcinogenesis and metabolic processes that are putatively associated with risk and prognosis of breast cancer. To our knowledge, no studies in humans have examined nightly fasting duration and cancer outcomes. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether duration of nightly fasting predicted recurrence and mortality among women with early-stage breast cancer and, if so, whether it was associated with risk factors for poor outcomes, including glucoregulation (hemoglobin A1c), chronic inflammation (C-reactive protein), obesity, and sleep. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data were collected from 2413 women with breast cancer but without diabetes mellitus who were aged 27 to 70 years at diagnosis and participated in the prospective Women’s Healthy Eating and Living study between March 1, 1995, and May 3, 2007. Data analysis was conducted from May 18 to October 5, 2015. EXPOSURES Nightly fasting duration was estimated from 24-hour dietary recalls collected at baseline, year 1, and year 4. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Clinical outcomes were invasive breast cancer recurrence and new primary breast tumors during a mean of 7.3 years of study follow-up as well as death from breast cancer or any cause during a mean of 11.4 years of surveillance. Baseline sleep duration was self-reported, and archived blood samples were used to assess concentrations of hemoglobin A1c and C-reactive protein. RESULTS The cohort of 2413 women (mean [SD] age, 52.4 [8.9] years) reported a mean (SD) fasting duration of 12.5 (1.7) hours per night. In repeated-measures Cox proportional hazards regression models, fasting less than 13 hours per night (lower 2 tertiles of nightly fasting distribution) was associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer recurrence compared with fasting 13 or more hours per night (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.05-1.76). Nightly fasting less than 13 hours was not associated with a statistically significant higher risk of breast cancer mortality (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.91-1.60) or a statistically significant higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.95-1.56). In multivariable linear regression models, each 2-hour increase in the nightly fasting duration was associated with significantly lower hemoglobin A1c levels (β = −0.37; 95% CI, −0.72 to −0.01) and a longer duration of nighttime sleep (β = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.14-0.26). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Prolonging the length of the nightly fasting interval may be a simple, nonpharmacologic strategy for reducing the risk of breast cancer recurrence. Improvements in glucoregulation and sleep may be mechanisms linking nightly fasting with breast cancer prognosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Prognosis

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“…The associations of eating frequency and timing with inflammation and IR biomarkers were assessed in female participants in NHANES 2009 to 2010 (n=2212; mean age, 46.8 years). 103 Independent variables included eating frequency (number of eating occasions per day), percent of TEI eaten between 5 pm and midnight, and nighttime fasting duration. Each 10% increase in the proportion of TEI consumed in the evening was associated with a 3% increase in C-reactive protein concentrations, whereas having 1 additional eating occasion per day was associated with an 8% decrease in C-reactive protein.…”

Section: Meal Timing and Cardiometabolic Risk: Observational Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

St‐Onge¹,

Ard²,

Baskin³

et al. 2017

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Eating patterns are increasingly varied. Typical breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals are difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and snacking have become more prevalent. Such eating styles can have various effects on cardiometabolic health markers, namely obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. In this statement, we review the cardiometabolic health effects of specific eating patterns: skipping breakfast, intermittent fasting, meal frequency (number of daily eating occasions), and timing of eating occasions. Furthermore, we propose definitions for meals, snacks, and eating occasions for use in research. Finally, data suggest that irregular eating patterns appear less favorable for achieving a healthy cardiometabolic profile. Intentional eating with mindful attention to the timing and frequency of eating occasions could lead to healthier lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factor management.T he patterns of meal and snack eating behavior in American adults have changed over the past 40 years. Based on NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data from 1971 to 1974 to 2009 to 2010 (n=62 298), women 20 to 74 years of age reported a decrease in 24-hour meal-derived total energy intake (TEI) from 82% in the 1970s to 77% in 2009 to 2010 and an increase in the proportion of TEI consumed from snacks from 18% to 23%.1 Similar trends were reported among men. The proportion of men and women who reported consuming all 3 standard meals declined over this period (from 73% to 59% in men; from 75% to 63% in women), 1 reflecting changes in eating patterns rather than changes in eating frequency. Indeed, the traditional breakfast-lunch-dinner pattern was not observed in a population of healthy, non-shift-working adults. 2 In that study, the number of eating occasions, defined as consumption of any food or beverage providing at least 5 kcal, was ≈4.2 times a day in the lowest decile and 10.5 times a day for the top decile. There were only 5 hours during the 24-hour day when <1% of all eating occasions occurred: between 1 and 6 am. This study clearly demonstrated that adults in the United States eat around the clock. Because feeding and fasting entrain clock genes, which regulate all aspects of metabolism, meal timing can have serious implications for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. 3,4 The circadian rhythms of the body are controlled by the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus but also by clocks of peripheral organs. Although the master clock is strongly entrained by light, clocks of peripheral organs are additionally responsive to food supply, and temporal restriction of food can reset clock gene rhythms. In mice, food given in the normal sleeping period can uncouple peripheral clocks from the master clock. 5 In fact, time-restricted feeding CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINESin mice alters the robustness and coherence of rhythmic gene transcripts, 6 which may be relevant for cardiom...

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“…Similarly, data from trials and prospective cohort studies support the hypothesis that consuming the majority of the day's energy earlier in the day, thus prolonging the time during which little or no food intake occurs in the evening or during nighttime, is associated with lower weight and improved health (11,14,55,82,106). Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (known as NHANES), we have shown that each 3-hour increase in nighttime fasting duration was associated with significantly reduced odds of elevated HbA1c (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.97) (69) and significantly lower CRP concentrations in women who ate less than 30% of their daily calories after 5:00 PM ( p = 0.01) (71). We recently published an analysis of the nightly fasting interval in 2,337 breast cancer survivors in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (known as WHEL) Study (80).…”

Section: Epidemiological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting

2017

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The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved health outcomes. A MEDLINE search was performed using PubMed and the terms "intermittent fasting," "fasting," "time-restricted feeding," and "food timing." Modified fasting regimens appear to promote weight loss and may improve metabolic health. Several lines of evidence also support the hypothesis that eating patterns that reduce or eliminate nighttime eating and prolong nightly fasting intervals may result in sustained improvements in human health. Intermittent fasting regimens are hypothesized to influence metabolic regulation via effects on (a) circadian biology, (b) the gut microbiome, and (c) modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as sleep. If proven to be efficacious, these eating regimens offer promising nonpharmacological approaches to improving health at the population level, with multiple public health benefits.

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Frequency and Circadian Timing of Eating May Influence Biomarkers of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance Associated with Breast Cancer Risk

Cited by 95 publications

References 34 publications

Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Prognosis

Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Prognosis

Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting

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