Freezing Stresses and Survival

Olien, C. R.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.18.060167.002131

Cited by 164 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…Winter cereals are damaged by a wide variety of low-temperature environmental stresses under both natural field and controlled environment conditions (2,15,18,19). The results obtained in this study demonstrate the cumulative effect of various combinations of freezing temperature and flooding stresses on a number of physiological and metabolic processes in winter wheat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The promotive effect of flooding on subsequent resistance to icing damage was only partially reversed by freezing stress, suggesting that autumn or winter flooding ofwinter wheat might have a positive effect on survival in ice, even if plants also were exposed to relatively low sub-freezing temperatures. The deleterious effects of prolonged exposure to increasingly severe sub-freezing temperatures was not unexpected since previous studies have shown that prolonged exposure to temperatures approach- ing the LD50 rapidly kills winter cereals (10,20), but that mild sub-freezing conditions are not harmful (15,20). The changes in crown moisture levels observed after various stress treatments support the view that reductions in water content are closely associated with the hardening process in winter cereals but that changes in moisture do not necessarily alter cold hardiness (5,8,13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In geographical areas where mid-winter temperatures are extremely low and snow cover is sparse, plants may be killed directly by low temperature. In areas where winter rains or unseasonable thaws occur, refreezing of fully hydrated plants may cause severe injury (15). The damaging effect of ice encasement (2,18) and flooding at low temperature (19) on survival of winter cereals also has been well documented.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Interactions among Flooding, Freezing, and Ice Encasement in Winter Wheat

Gao¹,

Andrews²,

Pomeroy³

1983

Plant Physiol.

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Exposure of winter wheat ( Triticwn aestivum L.) to various combitions of flooding and freezing stresses induces much greater damage than the individual stresses. Cold-hardened plants flooded for 1 week or exposed to -6°C for 1 week show 100% survival, while survival of plants exposed to both stresses simultaneously is reduced by 20 to 30%, and cold hardiness decreases by several degrees. The level of nonstructural carbohydrates increases in crown tissue during cold acclimation, but decreases when the plants are exposed to flooding or to -6°C for 1 week. The respiratory capacity of crown tissue segments declines when the plants are sbessed. Uptake of MRb by the roots of intact seedlns declines after exposure to either freezing or flooding, whereas passive efflux of amino acids is observed after freezing but not folowing flooding. This study has shown that detectable stress-induced metabolic changes occur in winter wheat before the applied stress is severe enough to reduce survival.The precise nature of overwintering damage to winter cereals is not well understood. Overwintering cereals are frequently exposed to a number of adverse environmental stresses, including subfreezing temperatures, low-temperature flooding, and ice encasement, which singly or in combination may be lethal. In geographical areas where mid-winter temperatures are extremely low and snow cover is sparse, plants may be killed directly by low temperature. In areas where winter rains or unseasonable thaws occur, refreezing of fully hydrated plants may cause severe injury (15). The damaging effect of ice encasement (2, 18) and flooding at low temperature (19) on survival of winter cereals also has been well documented. Recent studies (5), however, have demonstrated that icing tolerance of winter wheat is increased significantly by a flooding pretreatment at low temperature.Exposure of winter cereals to various low-temperature environmental stresses results in major changes in physiological and metabolic processes. Metabolites of anaerobic respiration, such as ethanol, CO2, and lactic acid accumulate in tissues of winter cereals during ice encasement (1,4,18,21) and flooding at low temperature (7,19). 02 consumption of tissue segments and mitochondria from ice-encased seedlings declines more slowly than the decline in seedling viability (3,18 'To whom reprint requests should be forwarded.flooding (19). Membrane permeability to amino acids and salts increases markedly during ice encasement or exposure to CO2 and ethanol at -1°C (4).These studies have greatly increased our knowledge of the effects of individual stresses on physiological and biochemical processes in winter cereals, but little is known about many of the interactions among these stresses. This paper reports the effect of various combinations of low temperature flooding, freezing, and icing on stress resistance and cellular processes of Fredrick winter wheat. After 4 and 7 weeks of cold acclimation, groups of flats were removed from the growth cabinet and the leaves were trimmed...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions among Flooding, Freezing, and Ice Encasement in Winter Wheat

Gao¹,

Andrews²,

Pomeroy³

1983

Plant Physiol.

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“…The survival of the crown is essential for winter survival of crown (Chen et al, 1983). However, the crown does not freeze uniformly because of the highly heterogeneous structure of the tissue (Olien, 1967;Millard et al, 1995), the accumulation of carbohydrates (Olien and Lester, 1985), and modifications of the xylem in the rootshoot junction that slow the propagation of ice (Aloni and Griffith, 1991;ZámeCník et al, 1994). Nonuniform freezing may lead to the production of larger ice crystals, which could be inhibited by AFPs.…”

Section: Possible Roles Of Afpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunolocalization of Antifreeze Proteins in Winter Rye Leaves, Crowns, and Roots by Tissue Printing

et al. 1996

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During cold acclimation, antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that are similar to pathogenesis-related proteins accumulate in the apoplast of winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv Musketeer) leaves. AFPs have the ability to modify the growth of ice. To elucidate the role of AFPs in the freezing process, they were assayed and immunolocalized in winter rye leaves, crowns, and roots. Each of the total soluble protein extracts from cold-acclimated rye leaves, crowns, and roots exhibited antifreeze activity, whereas no antifreeze activity was observed in extracts from nonacclimated rye plants. Antibodies raised against three apoplastic rye AFPs, corresponding to a glucanase-like protein (CLP, 32 kD), a chitinase-like protein (CLP, 35 kD), and a thaumatin-like protein (TLP, 25 kD), were used in tissue printing to show that the AFPs are localized in the epidermis and in cells surrounding intercellular spaces in cold-acclimated plants. Although GLPs, CLPs, and TLPs were present in nonacclimated plants, they were found in different locations and did not exhibit antifreeze activity, which suggests that different isoforms of pathogenesis-related proteins are' produced at low temperature. The location of rye AFPs may prevent secondary nucleation of cells by epiphytic ice or by ice propagating through the xylem. l h e distributions of pathogenesis-induced and cold-accumulated CLPs, CLPs, and TLPs are similar and may reflect the common pathways by which both pathogens and ice enter and propagate through plant tissues.

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“…It is widely known that the pH of a buffer solution can change at low temperatures, and this has been ascribed to enthalpic effects on the proton equilibrium as well as selective precipitation of buffer components upon cooling. [8][9][10][11] If left unaccounted for, these pH changes could lead to demage to the samples and erroneous conclusions about biomolecular structures and dynamics at physiological temperature.About 75 years ago, Finn and coworkers reported the denaturation of proteins contained in muscle juice due to the variation in hydrogen ion and salt concentrations upon freezing. 12 Thereafter, activity loss of aldolase, phosphofructokinase and several dehydrogenases in sodium and potassium phosphate buffer at lower temperatures has been observed and ascribed to pH effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

A temperature independent pH (TIP) buffer for biomedical biophysical applications at low temperatures

et al. 2008

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A temperature independent pH buffer has been develeloped from combination of buffers of oppositesign temperature coefficients, and utility in low temperature spectroscopy and storage of pH sensitive compounds is demonstrated.Storage and analysis of samples at low and cryogenic temperatures has become a routine practice in modern research, as these temperatures can preserve integrity of precious samples, and allow modern biophysical and bioanalytical techniques to provide information on biomolecules at an unprecedented level. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Buffers are invariably used in the sample storage and analysis process. It is widely known that the pH of a buffer solution can change at low temperatures, and this has been ascribed to enthalpic effects on the proton equilibrium as well as selective precipitation of buffer components upon cooling. [8][9][10][11] If left unaccounted for, these pH changes could lead to demage to the samples and erroneous conclusions about biomolecular structures and dynamics at physiological temperature.About 75 years ago, Finn and coworkers reported the denaturation of proteins contained in muscle juice due to the variation in hydrogen ion and salt concentrations upon freezing. 12 Thereafter, activity loss of aldolase, phosphofructokinase and several dehydrogenases in sodium and potassium phosphate buffer at lower temperatures has been observed and ascribed to pH effects. 13,14 Several strategies have been applied to measure the temperature-dependent pH characteristics, such as the measurement of electromotive force (emf) to determine temperature dependence of pK a values, or the use of pH-sensitive dyes to probe protonic activity at low temperatures. [15][16][17][18] It was reported that EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) based estimates of apparent pH change from the observation of several pH-sensitive systems (such as the flavin adenine dinucleotide semiquinone radical (FADH•) in xanthine oxidase) coincide well with estimates based on indicator dye optical changes. 19 Despite broad awareness, and extensive research into the relevance and merits of cryotemperature studies on biological systems, 20, 21 no reports of strategies to obtain buffers that resist temperature-dependent pH changes have appeared in the literature. Here we address this long standing problem through combination of buffers exhibiting an increase in pH upon freezing with those exhibiting a decrease. The utility of these temperature-independent-pH (TIP) buffers in preserving the sample integrity upon freezing of pH-sensitive pharmaceutical drugs, and in spectroscopic studies of human methemoglobin (met-Hb) is also demonstrated. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptTo obtain the TIP buffer, the apparent pH changes of the two commonly used buffers, (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and potassium phosphate) and mixtures thereof were first measured at low temperature via ratiometric absorption spectroscopy. A 1:1 mixture of two pH-indicator dyes (b...

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Freezing Stresses and Survival

Cited by 164 publications

References 94 publications

Interactions among Flooding, Freezing, and Ice Encasement in Winter Wheat

Interactions among Flooding, Freezing, and Ice Encasement in Winter Wheat

Immunolocalization of Antifreeze Proteins in Winter Rye Leaves, Crowns, and Roots by Tissue Printing

A temperature independent pH (TIP) buffer for biomedical biophysical applications at low temperatures

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