Freezing Processes and Injury in Plant Cells

Asahina, Éizo

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-447650-9.50008-3

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This plasmolysis was not related to the frost treatment. The serious injury symptoms that led to cell death may have been caused by the mechanical action of ice (Asahina 1978) whereas the slight symptoms were probably related to ion leakage due to the inhibition of H + -ATPase activity. These changes in the transport properties of the plasma membrane may have been followed by osmotic changes in the affected cells (Arora and Palta 1991).…”

Section: Immediate Effects Of Frost Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frost damage and recovery of Scots pine seedlings at the end of the growing season

Ryyppö¹,

Sutinen²,

Mäenpää³

et al. 1997

Can. J. For. Res.

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Freeze-thaw injury and recovery were studied in unhardened seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at the end of the second growing season. Visual damage scoring, microscopy, gas exchange, and plasma membrane H + -ATPase activity were used to determine the degree of damage to the needles. The measurements were performed immediately after the frost treatments and after a 21-day recovery period under favorable conditions. The first signs of injuries were found by light microscopy immediately after the frost treatments in the mesophyll cells of needles exposed to -2°C. Low H + -ATPase activity indicated that injuries occurred at -3.5°C and gas exchange at -5°C. The seedlings exposed to -6.5°C or below lost their needles and died. The seedlings exposed to -5°C showed incomplete recovery and irreversible damage after 21 days when assessed structurally and by gas exchange and visual scoring. At the microscopic level, recovery was complete in the needles exposed to -3.5 and -2°C. The needles subjected to -3.5°C showed high H + -ATPase activity, indicating ongoing repair. Accordingly, the temperature range for cellular damage to unhardened needles was between -2 and -5°C, depending on the method used, but the critical temperature for irreversible damage was between -3.5 and -5°C.Résumé : Les dommages dus à l'alternance du gel et du dégel et la récupération ont été étudiés chez des semis non endurcis de pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) à la fin de la deuxième saison de croissance. L'évaluation visuelle des dommages, la microscopie, les échanges gazeux et l'activité de l'H + -ATPase dans la membrane plasmique on été utilisés pour déterminer le degré de dommages aux aiguilles. Les mesures ont été effectuées immédiatement après les traitements de gel et après une période de récupératon de 21 jours dans des conditions favorables. Les premiers signes de dommages ont été observés au microscope optique immédiatement après les traitements de gel dans les cellules de mésophylle des aiguilles exposées à -2°C. La baisse d'activité de l'H + -ATPase indiquait que des dommages survenaient à -3°C et les échanges gazeux, à -5°C. Les semis exposés à -6,5°C ou à une température plus froide ont perdu leurs aiguilles et sont morts. Les semis exposés à -5°C n'avaient pas complètement récupéré et avaient subi des dommages irréversibles après 21 jours lorsqu'ils furent évalués structurellement, par échanges gazeux et visuellement. Au niveau microscopique, la récupération était complète chez les aiguilles exposées à -3,5 et 2°C. L'activité de l'H + -ATPase était élevée chez les aiguilles soumises à -3,5°C, ce qui indiquait que le processus de réparaton était en cours. Par conséquent, l'écart de température qui endommageait les cellules des aiguilles non endurcies se situait entre -2 et -5°C selon la méthode utilisée, mais la température critique qui causait des dommages irréversibles se situait entre -3,5 et -5°C.[Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Section: Immediate Effects Of Frost Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frost damage and recovery of Scots pine seedlings at the end of the growing season

Ryyppö¹,

Sutinen²,

Mäenpää³

et al. 1997

Can. J. For. Res.

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“…From the middle of the last century onwards intensive analytical investigations of cytological, biophysical and biochemical mechanisms were made on plant organs and tissues (e.g., Asahina, 1956;Heber, 1968;Siminovitch et al, 1968; Krasavtsev, 1972;Burke et al, 1976), and general conclusions were drawn from these results (e.g., Levitt, 1980; Tumanov, 1979). Recently our knowledge of low temperature stress and frost resistance has been advanced due to molecular biological methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic Constraints Drive the Evolution of Low Temperature Resistance in Woody Plants

Larcher

2005

J. Agric. Meteorol.

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Cold and frost are stress factors of widespread occurrence for plants. They damage woody plants due to chilling temperatures in the tropics, by freezing sensitive plants in regions with episodic frosts and temperatures down to -10 °C, and by freezing of even tolerant plants in regions with cold winters below -10 and -40 °C. The wide range of frost resistances in plants from different climatic zones indicates that the ability to become hardened to freezing has evolved in a stepwise process. There are opinions how an evolutionary acquisition of freezing tolerance could have taken place in the following way: First there is a differentiation of better adapted ecotypes and in the long term a series of functional plant groups develop along climatic gradients. Frequent climatic stress and climatic changes stimulate the selection of new genotypes resistant to climatic extremes. Furthermore, plants exposed to multiple stress factors in their habitat acquire a general cross tolerance to climatic constraints.The objective of this review is the understanding of low temperature resistance in woody plants, e.g. stabilization of biomembranes by lipid composition, deep supercooling, and ability to become freezing tolerant during winter dormancy. An over a hundred year long history of investigating frost stress and survival of different plant species has brought about an important understanding of basic processes. Recently antifreeze proteins which slow the freezing processes, and proteins, which protect the protoplasm against low temperature, frost and dehydration have been discovered. Findings that help to explain the mechanisms for coping with low temperature will be applicable to agriculture, horticulture, forestry and bioclimatology. The objective of this review is the understanding of basic processes of low temperature stress and the evolutionary adaptation of resistance in woody plants. 'Adaptation' is the response of plants to changing environmental conditions; it may be transitory (phenotypic) or permanent (genotypic). 'Evolutionary adaptation' is used here in the sense of genetically determined.The first descriptive investigations of frost damage and freezing resistance in different plant species were carried out very early e.g., Sachs (1860), Müller Thurgau (1886), Molisch (1897). From the middle of the last century onwards intensive analytical investigations of cytological, biophysical and biochemical mechanisms were made on plant organs and tissues (e.g., Asahina, 1956;Heber, 1968;Siminovitch et al., 1968; Krasavtsev, 1972;Burke et al., 1976), and general conclusions were drawn from these results (e.g., Levitt, 1980; Tumanov, 1979). Recently our knowledge of low temperature stress and frost resistance has been advanced due to molecular biological methods. Nowadays certain polypeptides and proteins which trigger controlled freezing and which protect the protoplasm against low temperature, frost and dehydration are known. All findings that help to explain mechanisms for coping with low temperature will have ...

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“…Rapid freezing of plant tissue results in intracellular ice formation which is invariably lethal to the cell (1,2). At slow freezing rates (<10 C/hr), ice forms at extracellular sites which can accommodate the growing ice crystals (15,18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Changes in Membrane Permeability of Winter Wheat Cells following Freeze-Thaw Injury as Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Chen

Gusta²,

Stout

1978

Plant Physiol.

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Nuclear etic resoaace (NMR) relaxation times were studied in acclhnated and nonacclmated Kharkov It has been inferred by many investigators that membranes, primarily plasma membranes, are the site of freezing injury. This evidence is based upon loss of semipermeability properties of the membrane following freezing injury (7,19).Pulse NMR3 measurements of the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and the transverse relaxation time (T2) have been used to study water and water interactions in biological systems (5,14,22 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different freezing stresses (fast freezing versus slow freezing) on the plasma membrane of tender and hardy winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Alterations to plasma water membrane permeability as a result of freezing stresses were studied by observing the effects of freezing on NMR relaxation times. Alterations to Mn2+ permeability were studied by observing the loss in the long T2 water signal as Mn2" diffused into the protoplast. MATERIALS AND METHODS PLANT MATERIALSCrown Tissue. Crowns of a hardy winter wheat cultivar, Kharkov MC22, were cold-acclimated under controlled environment conditions for 7 weeks (11). Fully acclimated plants were also collected from the field in late November and stored in a soilsand-peat mixture (1:1:1) at -3 C. The crowns were maintained under a photoperiod of 24 hr with a light intensity of 2,400 lux supplied from "Gw-Lux WS" fluorescent lamps. The cold hardiness level of these plants, as determined by artificial freeze tests, was -23 ± 1 C (12).Ced Tissue Cultures. Kharkov seeds were sterilized by shaking for 15 min in 10% NaOCl with 0.01% Tween -20. The seeds were washed five times with sterile distilled H20 and germinated in Petri dishes. Following 3 days germination, the mesocotyl of each seedling was dissected and transferred immediately to a flask containing 1-B5 agar medium (9). After 4 to 6 weeks the callus which formed was transferred to a 1-B5 liquid medium and shaken constantly. Cell suspension cultures were propagated by the subculturing method of Gamborg (9)

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Freezing Processes and Injury in Plant Cells

Cited by 24 publications

References 17 publications

Frost damage and recovery of Scots pine seedlings at the end of the growing season

Frost damage and recovery of Scots pine seedlings at the end of the growing season

Climatic Constraints Drive the Evolution of Low Temperature Resistance in Woody Plants

Changes in Membrane Permeability of Winter Wheat Cells following Freeze-Thaw Injury as Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

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