Freezing nucleation in aqueous electrolytes

Reischel, Michael T.; Vali, Gabor

doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1975.tb01692.x

Cited by 20 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In contrast, Grant and Corrin (1973) pointed out that the formation of lead iodine in automobile exhaust is thermodynamically unfavourable. This view was opposed by Langer (1970) and Reischel and Vali (1975) who suggested an important role of PbO in cooperation with nitrogen oxides or ammonium iodine leading to formation of PbI 2 . As we have not determined PbI 2 in any of the Pb-bearing particles, even by HR-TEM investigations on a nm-scale, it is concluded that the detected Pb species (PbO, Pb, PbS or PbCl 2 ) increase the IN capabilities of a mixed particle.…”

Section: Pb Bearing Particlesmentioning

confidence: 70%

Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds

et al. 2011

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Abstract. During an intensive campaign at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, in February/March 2006 ice particle residuals within mixed-phase clouds were sampled using the Ice-counterflow virtual impactor (Ice-CVI). Size, morphology, chemical composition, mineralogy and mixing state of the ice residual and the interstitial (i.e., non-activated) aerosol particles were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Ice nuclei (IN) were identified from the significant enrichment of particle groups in the ice residual (IR) samples relative to the interstitial aerosol. In terms of number lead-bearing particles are enriched by a factor of approximately 25, complex internal mixtures with silicates or metal oxides as major components by a factor of 11, and mixtures of secondary aerosol and carbonaceous material (C-O-S particles) by a factor of 2. Other particle groups (sulfates, sea salt, Ca-rich particles, external silicates) observed in the ice-residual samples cannot be assigned unambiguously as IN. Between 9 and 24% of all IR are Pb-bearing particles. Pb was found as major component in around 10% of these particles (PbO, PbCl 2 ). In the other particles, Pb was found as some 100 nm sized agglomerates consisting of 3-8 nm sized primary particles (PbS, elemental Pb). C-O-S particles are present in the IR at an abundance of 17-27%. The soot component within these particles is strongly aged. Complex internal mixtures occur in the IR at an abundance of 9-15%. Most IN identified at the Jungfraujoch station are internal mixtures containing anthropogenic components (either as main or minor constituent), and it is concluded that admixture of the anthropogenic component is responsible for the increased IN efficiency within Correspondence to: M. Ebert (mebert@geo.tu-darmstadt.de) mixed phase clouds. The mixing state appears to be a key parameter for the ice nucleation behaviour that cannot be predicted from the sole knowledge of the main component of an individual particle.

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Section: Pb Bearing Particlesmentioning

confidence: 70%

Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds

et al. 2011

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“…In some cases, potassium salts improve the ice nucleation ability of feldspars depending on the concentration of the salts and the freezing temperature (Yun et al, 2020;Perkins et al, 2020). Lithium iodide was found to increase the freezing temperature of kaolinite particles in one study (Reischel and Vali, 1975), but not in a more recent study (Ren et al, 2020). Other inorganic salts including, NaOH and NaCl, decrease the freezing temperatures of some types mineral dusts (Kumar et al, 2019a(Kumar et al, , 2018(Kumar et al, , 2019bReischel and Vali, 1975;Whale et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Lithium iodide was found to increase the freezing temperature of kaolinite particles in one study (Reischel and Vali, 1975), but not in a more recent study (Ren et al, 2020). Other inorganic salts including, NaOH and NaCl, decrease the freezing temperatures of some types mineral dusts (Kumar et al, 2019a(Kumar et al, , 2018(Kumar et al, , 2019bReischel and Vali, 1975;Whale et al, 2015). Inorganic acids either decrease the ice nucleation ability of mineral dust particles or have little effect, depending on the type of acid, exposure time, concentration of the acid, and type of mineral dust (Kumar et al, 2018;Burkert-Kohn et al, 2017;Sullivan et al, 2010b;Tobo et al, 2012;Augustin-Bauditz et al, 2014;Wex et al, 2014;Sullivan et al, 2010a;Link et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A better understanding of the effects of solutes on freezing properties may also lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of heterogeneous ice nucleation in general, which remains highly uncertain (Coluzza et al, 2017). Additionally, if different INS-solute combinations produce known and unique changes in freezing properties, it may be possible to use freezing responses to solute additions as "fingerprints" for different INSs in atmospheric samples, as suggested by Reischel and Vali (1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have investigated the effects of solutes at low concentrations on the freezing properties of mineral dusts in the immersion mode. Aqueous NH3 and NH 4 + salts at low concentrations improve the ice nucleation ability of feldspars, micas, gibbsite, quartz, and kaolinite, and have little to no effect on the ice nucleation ability of amorphous silica particles (Kumar et al, 2019a(Kumar et al, , b, 2018Reischel and Vali, 1975;Whale et al, 2018). In some cases, potassium salts improve the ice nucleation ability of feldspars depending on the concentration of the salts and the freezing temperature (Yun et al, 2020;Perkins et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of (NH4)2SO4 on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance

Worthy

Kumar

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. A wide range of materials including mineral dust, soil dust, and bioaerosols have been shown to act as ice nuclei in the atmosphere. During atmospheric transport, these materials can become coated with inorganic and organic solutes which may impact their ability to nucleate ice. While a number of studies have investigated the impact of solutes at low concentrations on ice nucleation by mineral dusts, very few studies have examined their impact on non-mineral dust ice nuclei. We studied the effect of dilute (NH4)2SO4 solutions on immersion freezing of a variety of non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances including bacteria, fungi, sea ice diatom exudates, sea surface microlayer, and humic substances using the droplet freezing technique. We also studied the effect of (NH4)2SO4 on immersion freezing of mineral dust particles for comparison purposes. (NH4)2SO4 had no effect on the median freezing temperature of nine of the ten tested non-mineral dust materials. There was a small but statistically significant decrease in the median freezing temperature of the bacteria X. campestris (change in median freezing temperature ∆T_50 = -0.43 ± 0.19 °C) in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 compared to pure water. Conversely, (NH4)2SO4 increased the median freezing temperature of four different mineral dusts (Potassium-rich feldspar, Arizona Test Dust, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite) by 3 °C to 8 °C. This significant difference in the response of mineral dust and non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances when exposed to (NH4)2SO4 suggests that they nucleate ice and/or interact with (NH4)2SO4 via different mechanisms. This difference suggests that the relative importance of mineral dust to non-mineral dust particles for ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds could increase as these particles become coated with ammonium sulfate in the atmosphere. This difference also suggests that the addition of (NH4)2SO4 to atmospheric samples of unknown composition could be used as an indicator or assay for the presence of mineral dust ice nuclei.

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Specific Ion–Protein Interactions Influence Bacterial Ice Nucleation

Schwidetzky

Lukas

YazdanYar

et al. 2021

Chemistry A European J

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Ice nucleation‐active bacteria are the most efficient ice nucleators known, enabling the crystallization of water at temperatures close to 0 °C, thereby overcoming the kinetically hindered phase transition process at these conditions. Using highly specialized ice‐nucleating proteins (INPs), they can cause frost damage to plants and influence the formation of clouds and precipitation in the atmosphere. In nature, the bacteria are usually found in aqueous environments containing ions. The impact of ions on bacterial ice nucleation efficiency, however, has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that ions can profoundly influence the efficiency of bacterial ice nucleators in a manner that follows the Hofmeister series. Weakly hydrated ions inhibit bacterial ice nucleation whereas strongly hydrated ions apparently facilitate ice nucleation. Surface‐specific sum‐frequency generation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the different effects are due to specific interactions of the ions with the INPs on the surface of the bacteria. Our results demonstrate that heterogeneous ice nucleation facilitated by bacteria strongly depends upon the nature of the ions, and specific ion–protein interactions are essential for the complete description of heterogeneous ice nucleation by bacteria.

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Freezing nucleation in aqueous electrolytes

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds

Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds

The effect of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance

Specific Ion–Protein Interactions Influence Bacterial Ice Nucleation

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Freezing nucleation in aqueous electrolytes

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds

Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds

The effect of (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance

Specific Ion–Protein Interactions Influence Bacterial Ice Nucleation

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The effect of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> on the freezing properties of non-mineral dust ice nucleating substances of atmospheric relevance