Heterogeneous ice nucleation is an
important process in many fields,
particularly atmospheric science, but is still poorly understood.
All known inorganic ice nucleating particles are relatively large
in size and tend to be hydrophilic. Hence it is not obvious that carbon
nanomaterials should nucleate ice. However, in this paper we show
that four different readily water-dispersible carbon nanomaterials
are capable of nucleating ice. The tested materials were carboxylated
graphene nanoflakes, graphene oxide, oxidized single walled carbon
nanotubes and oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The carboxylated
graphene nanoflakes have a diameter of ∼30 nm and are among
the smallest entities observed so far to nucleate ice. Overall, carbon
nanotubes were found to nucleate ice more efficiently than flat graphene
species, and less oxidized materials nucleated ice more efficiently
than more oxidized species. These well-defined carbon nanomaterials
may pave the way to bridging the gap between experimental and computational
studies of ice nucleation.