Freeze-thaw durability of concrete: ice formation process in pores

Cai, H.; Liu, X.

doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(98)00103-3

Cited by 183 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In terms of estimating ice content based on electrical measurement, Cai and Liu (1998) developed a simple model to predict the ice content by assuming that the electrical resistance of the pore solution is constant and is equal to the electrical resistance of the specimen, however, in reality, the resistance of the specimen varies against the temperature and moisture condition. McCarter et al (2015) also proposed a model to predict the ice content based on electrical measurement with a similar equation to Cai and Liu's, but it considers the effect of temperature on pore solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Ice Content in Mortar Based on Electrical Measurements under Freeze-Thaw Cycle

Wang

Gong

Zhang

et al. 2016

ACT

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Ice content is an essential factor that affects the internal pressure of cement-based materials during freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). Since the electrical conductivity of mortar is closely related to its moisture content, it is possible to estimate the ice content based on electrical conductivity variation of mortar. As a result, the ice formation process during FTCs can be monitored. This paper proposed a model to estimate the ice content by applying electrical measurements and clarified the combined effects of temperature and moisture content for electrical conductivity of mortar. The ice content of mortar was estimated with the model by conducting the electrical test. The results are found in acceptable agreement with theoretical results from thermodynamic analysis, and the relationship between ice content and temperature is similar to existing calorimetric test results, which confirm the reliability of the model and the proposed test method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Ice Content in Mortar Based on Electrical Measurements under Freeze-Thaw Cycle

Wang

Gong

Zhang

et al. 2016

ACT

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“…Ice takes 9 % larger volume compared to water. Ice crystals exert pressure on the walls of pores and capillaries of the hardened cement paste and by expanding can disintegrate the concrete item [23], [24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Steel Cord Scrap in Concrete

Girskas¹,

Nagrockienė²

2016

Construction Science

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-Materials used for the study: Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R, 4/16 gravel, 0/4 sand. The fine aggregate in four concrete mixtures was substituted with steel cord scrap added at 1.5 %, 3.0 % and 4.5 %. Water absorption and compressive strength was measured in concrete specimens after 7 and 28 days of curing. Total, closed and open porosity was measured in the modified concrete specimens. The tests of predicted freeze-thaw cycles were done. Test results showed that the substitution of fine aggregate with steel cord scrap results in lower water absorption and higher compressive strength in the modified concrete specimens. The porosity parameters have also changed: the closed porosity has increased and consequently the freeze-thaw resistance of modified concrete has improved.

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“…The gel pores don't have any negative effect on concrete strength. Capillary and other greater pores decrease the concrete strength (Cai et al,1998). It is known that small W/C ratio and good condition of concrete curing are important factors in getting frost resistant concrete products (Snelson et Gailius et al 2008).…”

Section: Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Type and Amount of Aggregates in Hardened Concrete

Gurskis

Skominas

Šadzevičius

et al. 2015

Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015

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Sometimes happens that certificated concrete products, in which declarations of performance refer high strength and frost resistance indexes, start to deteriorate in first exploitation years. Due to aggressive environment this occurrence is frequent in concrete articles used for tiding surroundings: concrete paving blocks, slabs, curbs used for streets, parking places and pavements. Frequently, the main reason of deterioration is that concrete products are produced from the different concrete composition like samples, which have been used for certification. There are standard methods to estimate the amount of cement in concrete and to do a determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete, but there are no methods how to estimate the amount and type of aggregates in concrete. For this reason, a new method was created. For the testing, the deteriorating paving zone, which had been built three years ago, was selected. The types of aggregates used in the production of concrete paving blocks have been estimated analyzing the cuts of the blocks. The test results show that the main aggregate, used for concrete paving block production, is gravel and it was used in higher amount as declared, while the granite breakstone and crushed gravel was used for production in lesser amount. In this case, the producer applying different amounts of aggregates reduced cost price as well as worsened the properties of concrete.

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Freeze-thaw durability of concrete: ice formation process in pores

Cited by 183 publications

References 4 publications

Estimation of Ice Content in Mortar Based on Electrical Measurements under Freeze-Thaw Cycle

Estimation of Ice Content in Mortar Based on Electrical Measurements under Freeze-Thaw Cycle

The Use of Steel Cord Scrap in Concrete

Estimation of Type and Amount of Aggregates in Hardened Concrete

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