Freeze start drive cycle simulation of a fuel cell powertrain with a two-phase stack model and exergy analysis for thermal management improvement

A review of physics-based low-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell models for system-level water and thermal management studies

“…Evaporation/condensation are also considered as source-terms in the transport equations both in the porous layers and the gas channel. A similar approach is adopted by Tang et al [49,88]. But these authors use a modification of the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation to compute the liquid-gas slip ratio, instead of assuming it equal to unity.…”

“…On the membrane-CL interface, most papers use a zero-flux boundary condition. Exceptions are the works of Tang et al [49,88] that considers the possibility of hydraulic permeation of liquid water from the CL into the ionomer and the one of Chaudhary et al [33] that considers separate liquid and vapor water absorption/desorption by the membrane.…”

“…Tang et al [49,88] treats the solid and gas with different temperatures in the CL and the GDL, although the fluid and solid domains are supposed to be in thermal equilibrium in the membrane. In the CL and the GDL, the condensing liquid film is assumed to be at the same temperature as the solid.…”

“…The value of the velocity ratio is not mentioned, but in a previous work of the same group [53] this velocity ratio is equal to one, indicating that a dispersed phase is also assumed. A velocity ratio equal to one is also adopted by De Campo [54], while Tang et al [49,88] use a modification of the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation to compute the liquid-gas velocity ratio. In the analytical solutions for the through-plane water transport of Hu et al [89] used in the model of Xu et al [69], an interfacial drag assumption is adopted, with the liquid velocity given by:…”

Artificial Intelligence-Based Machine Learning toward the Solution of Climate-Friendly Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

“…In general multiphysics is described as the science of studying multiple interacting phenomena cov ering a wide range of physical fields [32]. Numerical methods are the essential platform for predicting the multiphysics behaviour of interacting complex engineering system [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. However, to capture different details and use simulation as a design and optimi sation tool, a careful modelling framework needs to be established.…”