Freeze-drying of emulsified systems: A review

Morais, Andreza Rochelle do Vale; Alencar, Éverton do Nascimento; Júnior, Francisco Nairon Monteiro; Oliveira, Christian Melo de; Marcelino, Henrique Rodrigues; Barratt, Gillian; Fessi, Hatem; Egito, Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa do; Elaı̈ssari, Abdelhamid

doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.047

Cited by 128 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Figure b revealed that relatively spherical and irregular formations were occurred on the surface however, the particles were agglomerated and adhered to each other which is resulted in porous structure. This phenomenon can be explained by the absence of cryoprotectant during the freeze‐drying process of the encapsulated SLs since they protect the surface of capsules from aggregation, deformation, and formation of collapsed structures (Morais et al, ). Such samples with noncharacteristic and irregular, nonspherical shapes were resulted via electrostatic bond breaking during freezing or lyophilization process (Silva, Favaro‐Trindade, Rocha, & Thomazini, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encapsulation of structured lipids containing medium‐ and long chain fatty acids by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic

Yüksel

Şahin‐Yeşilçubuk

2018

J Food Process Engineering

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In this research, structured lipids (SLs) containing 78% of long‐chain fatty acids (FAs) at sn‐2 position and medium chain FAs at sn‐1,3 positions were encapsulated by complex coacervation method using gelatin and gum Arabic as wall materials in order to obtain protein–carbohydrate complexes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of experimental parameters such as wall material concentration (1–2%), core : wall ratio (1:1 and 2:1) and homogenization rate (7,400, 10,000, and 15,000 rpm) on encapsulation process of the SL. The highest microencapsulation efficiency (84.11 ± 0.77%) was obtained in gelatin 2% (w/v), gum arabic 2% (w/v), 1:1 core : wall ratio (w/w), and at 15,000 rpm homogenization rate. In addition, particle size for the coacervates ranged from 19 to 263 nm. Moreover, the samples had smaller polydispersity index (PDI) values, which mean that they showed homogeneous size distribution pattern. Besides, morphological characteristics and thermal behavior of the capsules were determined via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Practical applications Structured lipids (SLs) with medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs, C6‐C10) at sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions, and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs, C12‐C24) at sn‐2 position has gained attention for food, nutritional and clinical purposes. These SLs are generally designed for special health requirements and meet the daily requirements of fatty acids, especially the long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) for their health‐enhancing and disease‐preventing properties. The addition of LCPUFAs into the product formulation may lead an increase in the stability problems of these fatty acids, thus appropriate technologies such as encapsulation of lipids should be implemented. Encapsulation technology enables SLs to be protected from possible detrimental effects of food processing and storage conditions. The use of encapsulation technology in conjunction with SL production are evolving and ongoing issues, hence there is only few studies in the literature that considered encapsulation of SLs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encapsulation of structured lipids containing medium‐ and long chain fatty acids by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic

Yüksel

Şahin‐Yeşilçubuk

2018

J Food Process Engineering

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“…Morais et al. indicated that the primary drying step is usually long, having a significant impact on the overall cost of the process. Thus, defining an optimal duration for this step is essential in order to ensure both successful freeze‐drying and an acceptable cost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomachining: Preservation of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and treatment of the liquid residue

Díaz-Tena

Barona

Gurtubay

et al. 2016

Engineering in Life Sciences

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Biomachining has become a promising alternative to micromachining metal pieces, as it is considered more environmentally friendly than their physical and chemical machining counterparts. In this research work, two strategies that contribute to the development of this innovative technology and could promote its industrial implementation were investigated: preservation of biomachining microorganisms (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) for their further use, and making valuable use of the liquid residue obtained following the biomachining process. Regarding the preservation method, freeze‐drying, freezing, and drying were tested to preserve biomachining bacteria, and the effect of different cryoprotectants, storage times, and temperatures was studied. Freezing at –80°C in Eppendorf cryovials using betaine as a cryoprotective agent reported the highest bacteria survival rate (40% of cell recovery) among the studied processes. The treatment of the liquid residue in two successive stages led to the precipitation of most of the total dissolved iron and divalent copper (99.9%). The by‐products obtained (iron and copper hydroxide) could be reused in several industrial applications, thereby enhancing the environmentally friendly nature of the biomachining process.

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“…Hence the addition of viscosityimparting agents to the formulation of the modification of the freeze-drying process may be necessary. The review by Morais et al provides a holistic overview of the formulation and process considerations for emulsified systems [11].…”

Section: Product Formulation Considerations 2211 Physical Form Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The process should always be designed with the end in mind. For products such as vaccines or nanoparticles that are stress-sensitive, cryoprotectants are recommended and it should be carefully considered in terms of the type, chemical reactivity with other components and concentration required [11,81,99]. Once the formulation and container have been decided, the freezing conditions should be effected in a manner that does not damage stress-sensitive materials.…”

Section: Importance Of Freeze-drying Process Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of freeze-drying in the development of oral drug delivery systems

Siow

Heng

Chan

2016

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

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With continual focus on oral drug delivery systems (ODDS), the role of freeze-drying becomes increasingly valuable. While freeze-drying is fundamentally a desiccation process, the advantageous material properties attributed to freeze-drying extend far beyond the preparation of stable pharmaceutical products. The formulation and process variables are important considerations as they affect the final freeze-dried product characteristics. It is of interest to expound on the principles and effects of freeze-drying in the hope of introducing novel products for applications in the development of ODDS. Areas covered: In this review, basic principles, general formulation and process variables associated with freeze-drying will be covered. The application of freeze-drying in 3 areas: modification of active ingredients, development of novel freeze-dried excipients and development of freeze-dried final dosage forms will be discussed. Expert opinion: As a pharmaceutical unit operation, freeze-drying has created new dimensions in the area of oral drug delivery, where the properties of the drugs, excipients and characteristics of the final solid dosage form can be modified by the freeze-drying process. With the emergence of new applications, the role of freeze-drying technology in ODDS is indeed a relevant and promising one.

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Freeze-drying of emulsified systems: A review

Cited by 128 publications

References 83 publications

Encapsulation of structured lipids containing medium‐ and long chain fatty acids by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic

Encapsulation of structured lipids containing medium‐ and long chain fatty acids by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic

Biomachining: Preservation of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and treatment of the liquid residue

Application of freeze-drying in the development of oral drug delivery systems

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