Freely dissolved concentrations of anionic surfactants in seawater solutions: Optimization of the non-depletive solid-phase microextraction method and application to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates

Rico-Rico, Ángeles; Droge, Steven T.J.; Widmer, David; Hermens, Joop L. M.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.090

Cited by 34 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…For hazard assessment purposes of anionic surfactants, alternative approaches should therefore be investigated that either exclude the influence of divalent cations present in the test medium or endpoints should be selected that are affected at concentrations below the aqueous solubility of the surfactants. Furthermore, because anionic surfactants are known to have an affinity for soil surfaces and organic matter (Rico–Rico 2009) toxicity tests that include sediment living organisms (e.g. Lumbriculus variegatus or Chironomus riparius ) may be more suitable for the production of toxicological endpoint data.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility Constraints on Aquatic Ecotoxicity Testing of Anionic Surfactants

Hammer

Tukker

Postma³

et al. 2018

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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In order to develop models that can predict the environmental behavior and effects of chemicals, reliable experimental data are needed. However, for anionic surfactants the number of ecotoxicity studies is still limited. The present study therefore aimed to determine the aquatic ecotoxicity of three classes of anionic surfactants. To this purpose we subjected daphnids (Daphnia magna) for 48 h to alkyl carboxylates (CxCO2−), alkyl sulfonates (CxSO3−), and alkyl sulfates (CxSO4−) with different carbon chain lengths (x). However, all surfactants with x > 11 showed less than 50% immobility at water solubility. Hence, EC50 values for only few surfactants could be gathered: C9CO2− (16 mg L−1), C11CO2− (0.8 mg L−1) and C11SO4− (13.5 mg L−1). Data from these compounds showed an increase in ecotoxicity with a factor 4.5 per addition of a hydrocarbon unit to the alkyl chain, and a factor 20 when replacing the sulfate head group by a carboxylate head group. Unfortunately, we could not test carboxylates with a broader variety of chain lengths because solubility limited the range of chain length that can be tested.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility Constraints on Aquatic Ecotoxicity Testing of Anionic Surfactants

Hammer

Tukker

Postma³

et al. 2018

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…For some sets of experiments, 20 h was used. These extraction times are longer than in typical SPE methods, but shorter than for SPME [21]. The LPME extraction time is relatively long, but with the magnetic stirring table used, up to 10 replicates could be extracted simultaneously overnight and analyzed by HPLC the following day.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With solid phase microextraction (SPME), enrichment factors ∼10 times and limits of detection (LOD) of individual homologues ∼0.5 μg L −1 have been reported [20]. Recently, SPME enrichment factors about 1000 times and LOQs ∼1 μg L −1 were achieved, but equilibration times up to 33 h were needed [21]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Phase Micro-Extraction of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Anionic Surfactants in Aqueous Samples

et al. 2011

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Hollow fiber liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME) of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) from aqueous samples was studied. Ion pair extraction of C10, C11, C12 and C13 homologues was facilitated with trihexylamine as ion-pairing agent, using di-n-hexylether as solvent for the supported liquid membrane (SLM). Effects of extraction time, acceptor buffer concentration, stirring speed, sample volume, NaCl and humic acids were studied. At 10–50 μg L−1 linear R2-coefficients were 0.99 for C10 and C11 and 0.96 for C12. RSD was typically ∼15%. Three observations were especially made. Firstly, LPME for these analytes was unusually slow with maximum enrichment observed after 15–24 h (depending on sample volume). Secondly, the enrichment depended on LAS sample concentration with 35–150 times enrichment below ∼150 μg L−1 and 1850–4400 times enrichment at 1 mg L−1. Thirdly, lower homologues were enriched more than higher homologues at low sample concentrations, with reversed conditions at higher concentrations. These observations may be due to the fact that LAS and the amine counter ion themselves influence the mass transfer at the water-SLM interface. The observations on LPME of LAS may aid in LPME application to other compounds with surfactant properties or in surfactant enhanced membrane extraction of other compounds.

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“…In this analytical technique analytes were adsorbed directly on the surface of special fiber. During application of SPME technique for isolation of anionic surfactants (individual LAS homologues from seawater and urban wastewater samples) from liquid samples has been tested two different materials of fibers: polyacrylate (PA) [41] and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [37]. Then analytes adsorbed on SPME device were analyzed on a LC-MS/MS system without derivatization [41] or as ion-pairs of LAS with tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate on GC-MS system with derivatization in-port [37].…”

Section: Sample Preparation Step Liquid Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Surfactants in Environmental Samples. Part II. Anionic Compounds

Olkowska¹,

Ruman²,

Kowalska³

et al. 2013

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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Abstract:Surface active agents (SAA) with negative charge of polar group are named as anionic compounds. They are the main constituent of most products containing synthetic surfactants. The linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl ethoxysulfates (AES) and alkyl sulfates (AS) are typically applied from this class of compounds. Those surfactants are ingredients of household detergents and cleaners, laundry detergents, cosmetic etc. Moreover they can be applied in the paper, textile and tanning industry as optical brighteners, dispersant, wetting and suspending agents. They can be substrates in the formulation of different products like dyes, pigments, pesticides, exchange resins, plasticizers and pharmaceuticals. Anionic surfactants after use are passed into sewage-treatment plants, where they are partially degraded and adsorbed to sewage sludge (applied in agriculture fields). Finally, the anionic SAA or their degradation products are discharged into surface waters and onto bottom sediments, soils or living organisms. Therefore, it is important (widely application, bioaccumulation, toxicity for living organisms) to investigate the environmental fate of those class of compounds in more details. This research involves determination the concentration of anionic surfactants with use appropriated analytical techniques in environmental samples The official methodology for determination of anionic SAA in liquid samples is based on the ion-pair reaction of these analytes compounds with methylene blue (MB) and an extraction with toxic solvent chloroform. During isolation step of anionic compounds from solid samples are employed Soxhlet and ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques with use of methanol or mixture of other organic solvents as extraction medium. To overcome disadvantages of those traditional techniques were applied following techniques at sample preparation step from liquid and solid matrices: solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phases microextraction (SPME); accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), respectively. For estimate total concentration of anionic analytes in extracts the spectrophotometric technique is used (as official regulation). For determination concentration of individual analytes were applied gas (derivatization step requires) and liquid chromatography mainly with mass spectrometry technique. The presence of anionic surface active agents was confirmed in various ecosystems (liquid and solid environmental samples).

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Freely dissolved concentrations of anionic surfactants in seawater solutions: Optimization of the non-depletive solid-phase microextraction method and application to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates

Cited by 34 publications

References 46 publications

Solubility Constraints on Aquatic Ecotoxicity Testing of Anionic Surfactants

Solubility Constraints on Aquatic Ecotoxicity Testing of Anionic Surfactants

Liquid Phase Micro-Extraction of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Anionic Surfactants in Aqueous Samples

Determination of Surfactants in Environmental Samples. Part II. Anionic Compounds

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