Freeform direct laser writing of versatile topological 3D scaffolds enabled by intrinsic support hydrogel

Hasselmann, Sebastian; Hahn, Lukas; Lorson, Thomas; Schätzlein, Eva; Sébastien, Isabelle; Beudert, Matthias; Lühmann, Tessa; Neubauer, Julia C.; Sextl, Gerhard; Luxenhofer, Robert; Heinrich, Doris

doi:10.1039/d1mh00925g

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…[29][30][31][32] In recent years, 3D printing has fully demonstrated its promising potential for arbitrarily designing target structures. [33][34][35] Ding et. al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Sensors for Wearable Electronics and Smart Gesture Recognition

Wu,

Ma,

Tao

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Technologies

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Modern materials with unique structures and functions are inspired by nature. However, nature's craftsmanship is beyond the reach of traditional handmade techniques. 3D printing technology creates the possibility of creating bionic structures. In this study, inspired by the ability of spiders to sense the capture of prey through the vibration of their webs, a spider‐web‐like, highly sensitive hydrogel sensor is designed and printed. The hydrogel is made of eco‐friendly green polyvinyl alcohol cross‐linked with microcrystalline cellulose. Surprisingly, the 3D‐printed hydrogel sensor can manipulate the sensitivity by changing the angle and strain range of the structure. Accordingly, the Gauge factor (GF) of the 3D‐printed hydrogel (θ = 60°) is up to 58.23, which is 23.9 times higher than that of the non‐3D‐printed hydrogel sensor (GF = 2.43). The GF of the 3D‐printed hydrogel at other angles still remained high at 24.74 (θ = 90°) and 12.31 (θ = 120°), respectively. It can be seen that the 3D‐printed hydrogel sensor has advanced performance. In addition, an intelligent gesture recognition system for human–computer interaction is constructed using 3D‐printed hydrogel sensors, which offers potential prospects for helping people communicate.

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“…[29][30][31][32] In recent years, 3D printing has fully demonstrated its promising potential for arbitrarily designing target structures. [33][34][35] Ding et. al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Sensors for Wearable Electronics and Smart Gesture Recognition

Wu,

Ma,

Tao

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…Thermally reversible gelatin-based hydrogels have been utilized in VAM, including for production of biological constructs and shape-memory materials. [7,[19][20][21][22] Particularly for bioprinting, light delivery occurs while the precursor material is in gel state which prevents sedimentation of embedded cells and after printing supports the polymerized structure. On the other hand, thermoplastic binders added to monomer mixtures have been utilized to record volume holograms as the spatial variation in density of sensitizers or in refractive index of the affected material for data storage applications, albeit, typically in thin films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethyl Cellulose‐Based Thermoreversible Organogel Photoresist for Sedimentation‐Free Volumetric Additive Manufacturing

Toombs

Shan

Taylor

2023

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Liquid photoresists are abundant in the field of light‐based additive manufacturing (AM). However, printing unsupported directly into a vat of material in emerging volumetric AM technologies―typically a benefit due to fewer geometric constraints and less material waste―can be a limitation when printing low‐viscosity liquid monomers and multimaterial constructs due to part drift or sedimentation. With ethyl cellulose (EC), a thermoplastic soluble in organic liquids, a simple three‐component transparent thermoreversible gel photoresist with melting temperature of ≈64 °C is formulated. The physically crosslinked network of the gel leads to storage moduli in the range of 0.1−10 kPa and maximum yield stress of 2.7 kPa for a 10 wt% EC gel photoresist. Nonzero yield stress enables sedimentation‐free tomographic volumetric patterning in low‐viscosity monomer without additional hardware or modification of apparatus. In addition, objects inserted into the print container can be suspended in the gel material which enables overprinting of multimaterial devices without anchors connecting the object to the printing container. Flexural strength is also improved by 100% compared to the neat monomer for a formulation with 7 wt% EC.

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“…Hydrogels have physicochemical properties similar to extracellular matrix (ECM), rich mechanical properties, , good self-healing ability, , and sophisticated responsiveness. , Moreover, hydrogels can also construct micro/nano biomimetic structures for tissue regeneration − and provide micrometer-scale surface morphology for regulating cell behavior, such as cell adhesion, migration, or survival proliferation differentiation media release. , Thus, hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering and drug delivery. , However, the fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) arbitrary biocompatible hydrogel scaffold with high precision is still a challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

22 nm Resolution Achieved by Femtosecond Laser Two-Photon Polymerization of a Hyaluronic Acid Vinyl Ester Hydrogel

Duan

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Three-dimensional (3D) bioinspired hydrogels have played an important role in tissue engineering, owing to their advantage of excellent biocompatibility. Here, the two-photon polymerization (TPP) of a 3D hydrogel with high precision has been investigated, using the precursor with hyaluronic acid vinyl ester (HAVE) as the biocompatibility hydrogel monomer, 3,3′-((((1E,1′E)-(2-oxocyclopentane-1,3-diylidene) bis(methanylylidene)) bis(4,1-phenylene)) bis(methylazanediyl))dipropanoate as the water-soluble initiator, and d l-dithiothreitol (DTT) as the click-chemistry cross-linker. The TPP properties of the HAVE precursors have been comprehensively investigated by adjusting the solubility and the formulation of the photoresist. The feature line width of 22 nm has been obtained at a processing laser threshold of 3.67 mW, and the 3D hydrogel scaffold structures have been fabricated. Furthermore, the average value of Young’s modulus is 94 kPa for the 3D hydrogel, and cell biocompatibility has been demonstrated. This study would provide high potential for achieving a 3D hydrogel scaffold with highly precise configuration in tissue engineering and biomedicine.

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Freeform direct laser writing of versatile topological 3D scaffolds enabled by intrinsic support hydrogel

Abstract: By combining a photocurable and a thermogelling hydrogel, it is possible to perform 3D freeform structuring via two-photon-polymerization and to manufacture concatenated parts without additional support structures.

Cited by 8 publications

References 69 publications

3D Printed Sensors for Wearable Electronics and Smart Gesture Recognition

3D Printed Sensors for Wearable Electronics and Smart Gesture Recognition

Ethyl Cellulose‐Based Thermoreversible Organogel Photoresist for Sedimentation‐Free Volumetric Additive Manufacturing

22 nm Resolution Achieved by Femtosecond Laser Two-Photon Polymerization of a Hyaluronic Acid Vinyl Ester Hydrogel

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