“…In the early 2000's, the eyetracker was used as a direct substitute for a handheld mouse such that the gaze point on a computer display designates the cursor's position, and blinks function as button clicks (Lin et al, 2006 ; Gajwani and Chhabria, 2010 ). Since 2015, eye gaze has been used to communicate a 3D target position (Li et al, 2015a , 2017 ; Dziemian et al, 2016 ; Li and Zhang, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Zeng et al, 2020 ) for directing the movement of the robotic end effector. No action recognition was required, as these methods assumed specific actions in advance, such as reach and grasp (Li et al, 2017 ), write and draw (Dziemian et al, 2016 ), and pick and place (Wang et al, 2018 ).…”