Abstract:Phalloplasty can be a challenging plastic surgery procedure associated with complications and unsatisfactory results. Phalloplasty has become an important procedure in the setting of trauma, partial or complete excision of the penis, and gender affirmation. Advances in microsurgery has expanded penile reconstruction through free tissue transfer techniques which include the radial forearm free flap, fibular osteocutaneous flap, anterolateral thigh flap, latissimus dorsi flap, scapular flap, and abdominal flaps.… Show more
“…Muscular flaps used for neophallus creation can be obtained as a pedicled flap from anterolateral thigh (ALT) or as free flaps from the forearm (radial forearm free flap, RFFF) (Fig. 1a) [7,11]. Neourethra can be created using forearm skin flaps or vaginal or buccal mucosa in a "tube within a tube" fashion [12].…”
Purpose of Review
This review summarizes recent developments in gender affirmation surgery, imaging findings in patients undergoing these surgeries, focusing on common postoperative radiologic appearances, complications, and pitfalls in interpretation.
Recent Findings
The imaging workup of masculinizing and feminizing genitourinary surgeries uses multiple modalities in presurgical planning and within the immediate and long-term postoperative period. CT and MRI can help identify immediate and remote postoperative complications. Fluoroscopic examinations can diagnose postoperative urethral complications after gender affirmation surgeries. Lastly, the patients can undergo imaging for unrelated acute and chronic pathology, and knowledge of these imaging findings can be very helpful.
Summary
Imaging plays a significant role in the care of transgender patients and, particularly, in those pursuing gender affirmation surgery. As insurance coverage expands for these surgical procedures, radiologists should be prepared to encounter, understand, and interpret pre and postoperative findings.
“…Muscular flaps used for neophallus creation can be obtained as a pedicled flap from anterolateral thigh (ALT) or as free flaps from the forearm (radial forearm free flap, RFFF) (Fig. 1a) [7,11]. Neourethra can be created using forearm skin flaps or vaginal or buccal mucosa in a "tube within a tube" fashion [12].…”
Purpose of Review
This review summarizes recent developments in gender affirmation surgery, imaging findings in patients undergoing these surgeries, focusing on common postoperative radiologic appearances, complications, and pitfalls in interpretation.
Recent Findings
The imaging workup of masculinizing and feminizing genitourinary surgeries uses multiple modalities in presurgical planning and within the immediate and long-term postoperative period. CT and MRI can help identify immediate and remote postoperative complications. Fluoroscopic examinations can diagnose postoperative urethral complications after gender affirmation surgeries. Lastly, the patients can undergo imaging for unrelated acute and chronic pathology, and knowledge of these imaging findings can be very helpful.
Summary
Imaging plays a significant role in the care of transgender patients and, particularly, in those pursuing gender affirmation surgery. As insurance coverage expands for these surgical procedures, radiologists should be prepared to encounter, understand, and interpret pre and postoperative findings.
“…Phalloplasty techniques include the radial forearm free flap (RFFF), anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) (pedicled or free), and the musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi (MLD) (predominantly a non‐sensate flap). Additional, less common techniques include the fibular osteo‐cutaneous flap, superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flaps (SCIP), and suprapubic phalloplasties [30]. Because of its reliable neurovascular anatomy and the ability to shape the tissue, the radial forearm flap remains the mainstay of phalloplasty procedures.…”
Gender dysphoria refers to the medical condition experienced by individuals whose physical anatomy is not consistent with their gender identity. Surgery is a safe and effective treatment for many individuals, yet the current demand for surgery exceeds the number of trained surgeons. This article reviews gender-affirming surgical procedures and emphasizes an individualized approach within the context of a multidisciplinary team. We review pre-, intra-, and postoperative care including the preoperative requirements for surgery.This article is a contribution to the Surgical Innovation Symposium.
“…In addition to the scar left from graft harvesting, other complications include cellulitis, compartment syndrome, decreased strength, paresthesias, and neuromas. Overall outcome and patient satisfaction were generally favourable, with some studies showing up to 97% patient satisfaction and up to 60% reported being able to partake in penetrative intercourse following insertion of an IPP [ 39 ].…”
Objective: : To review the literature on adult penile reconstruction due to Peyronie's disease, trauma and cosmesis, while emphasising specific surgical techniques and procedures such as phalloplasty, radial forearm free flap reconstruction, and penile transplant. Methods: : A comprehensive review of the literature for the years 1992-2020 of the PubMed and SpringerLink databases was performed to identify articles on penile reconstruction. Search terms included 'penile reconstruction', 'penile trauma', 'phalloplasty', 'penile transplant', and 'treatment of Peyronie's'. Relevant articles were selected. All included studies were performed on adults and written in English. Results: : We were able to identify 46 papers from PubMed and SpringerLink that included the research terms. From these, we included technical details of procedures and gleaned photographs of their works. Additionally, we included photographs from our institution's own plication surgery cases. Conclusions: : The field of adult penile reconstruction is performed for a plethora of reasons. From cosmetic to urgent and from routine to complex, it is most certainly a growing subset of Urology that plays a vital role for the men who need it. To our knowledge, this is the most up-to -date review of adult penile reconstruction.
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