“…However, these techniques are completely inapplicable if optical technologies are used in access network modernization. Optical access networks, except for the optical cable and associated linear devices, contain active network elements such as routers, access switches, DSLAMs, which have different performance and, accordingly, a higher price range [17][18][19][20][21]. Highly developed countries implant multi-fiber optic cables for "last mile" and can forget "last mile" problem for a long period [22], but remaining countries can use our method of as one way of access network upgrade with limited financing.…”