Free Space Optical Networks: Applications, Challenges and Research Directions

Zafar, Sherin; Khalid, Hira

doi:10.1007/s11277-021-08644-4

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The main advantage of FSOs is their wide application field, which includes outdoor wireless access, backhaul, fiber backup, last-mil, bridging WAN, and military access [60]. Unfortunately, FSOC is susceptible to disruption due to atmospheric conditions or direct sunlight [61].…”

Section: Free Space Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Emerging Technologies on Distance Education

et al. 2023

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Recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, distance education became mainstream. Many students were not prepared for this situation—they lacked equipment or were not even connected to the Internet. Schools and government institutions had to react quickly to allow students to learn remotely. They had to provide students with equipment (e.g., computers, tablets, and goggles) but also provide them with access to the Internet and other necessary tools. On the other hand, teachers were trying to adopt new technologies in the teaching process to enable more interactivity, mitigate feelings of isolation and disconnection, and enhance student engagement. New technologies, including Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), Extended Reality (XR, so-called Metaverse), Big Data, Blockchain, and Free Space Optics (FSO) changed learning, teaching, and assessing. Despite that, some tools were implemented fast, and the COVID-19 pandemic was the trigger for this process; most of these technologies will be used further, even in classroom teaching in both schools and universities. This paper presents a concise review of the emerging technologies applied in distance education. The main emphasis was placed on their influence on the efficiency of the learning process and their psychological impact on users. It turned out that both students and teachers were satisfied with remote learning, while in the case of undergraduate children and high-school students, parents very often expressed their dissatisfaction. The limitation of the availability of remote learning is related to access to stable Internet and computer equipment, which turned out to be a rarity. In the current social context, the obtained results provided valuable insights into factors affecting the acceptance and emerging technologies applied in distance education. Finally, this paper suggests a research direction for the development of effective remote learning techniques.

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Section: Free Space Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Emerging Technologies on Distance Education

et al. 2023

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“…The platforms are laid at the bottom of the ocean. Collecting marine information through a variety of underwater sensors mounted on the platforms can help researchers instantaneously obtain physical and chemical marine developed (Abrahamsen et al, 2021;Alexander et al, 2021;Zafar and Khalid, 2021). LED light is uniform and is not costly, so it is often used in FSOC (Huang et al, 2019;Abrahamsen et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New approach for designing an underwater free-space optical communication system

Chen¹,

Zhang²,

Ling³

2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Ocean observation system that involves multiple underwater vehicles and seafloor nodes plays an important role in better learning the ocean, where underwater wireless communication is mandatory for massive data interaction. Optical communication that has wide bandwidth and comprehensive working distance is the preferred method compared to acoustic and other methods. However, the presence of directionality makes the optical method difficult to use especially when the transceiver is equipped on a motive vehicle. In this study, an underwater free-space optical communication method of transmitting information is proposed. Characteristics of underwater optical transmission, as well as the photoelectric signal processing and modulation and demodulation algorithms, are studied and modeled. New approach for realizing underwater free-space optical communication is proposed and simulated. A prototype including a free-space optical transmitter and a receiver is developed; tests in different scenarios were carried out, and the results were observed: (1) by using the minimum number of LEDs, the effect of uniform lighting in space is achieved, and the transmitter coverage reaches 160°. (2) When the power of the transmitter is 10 W and the communication rate is 1 Mbps, the maximum communication distance reaches 13 m.

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“…Furthermore, under no circumstances may confidential data exchange be impeded. For this reason, choosing the right optics and accessories is just as important for improving system performance in a variety of weather circumstances as choosing of the right wavelength for the optical source [3] [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance analysis of the MWIR FSO link utilising SIMO and aperture averaging, and comparison with the SWIR FSO link under turbulence and various visibility conditions

Mukherjee

Paul

Mazumdar

2022

Preprint

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In this article, the authors study the effects of Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) diversity technique, aperture averaging schemes, and wavelength diversity method on a Free Space Optical (FSO) communication, in the presence of varying turbulence regime strengths with a variety of meteorological circumstances, including extremely clear visibility, clear visibility, haze, fog, etc. Here, two wavelength types- Mid Wave Infrared (MWIR) (4000 nm) and ShortWave Infrared (SWIR) (1550 nm) have been taken into consideration for the use of the wavelength diversity approach. For the investigation of the overall performance at a 4 km link distance, up to 12 number of detectors on the receiver side have been considered, and for aperture averaging, 0.05 to 0.2 m receiver aperture diameter has been taken into consideration. The system performance has been improved by enlarging the receiver's aperture diameter and receiver array, and applying their impacts for both of the two wavelength FSO links, the performance evaluation has been carried out for the two wavelengths. According to the analytical findings, MWIR wavelength performs better in foggy situations than SWIR wavelength with distinct turbulence regimes at the mentioned link distances, and the SIMO scheme is also significantly more effective in unfavourable weather scenarios (such haze, fog, etc.) compared to aperture averaging scheme.

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Free Space Optical Networks: Applications, Challenges and Research Directions

Cited by 12 publications

References 84 publications

The Influence of Emerging Technologies on Distance Education

The Influence of Emerging Technologies on Distance Education

New approach for designing an underwater free-space optical communication system

Performance analysis of the MWIR FSO link utilising SIMO and aperture averaging, and comparison with the SWIR FSO link under turbulence and various visibility conditions

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