Free Soil, Unfree Labor

Abstract

Although it prohibited chattel slavery, California permitted the virtual enslavement of Native Americans under the 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. Scholars have described some of the key components of the Indian Act, but none has provided a systematic examination of the law's labor provisions or examined how individual employers actually used the law. This article does both by offering a careful survey of the Indian Act, followed by a detailed case study focusing on Cave Couts, the owner of Rancho Guajome in San Diego County. The Couts example reveals that the 1850 Act did not simply legalize the exploitation of Indians as prisoners and indentured "apprentices." Perhaps more importantly, it also preserved the system of debt peonage that had �ourished in California under Mexican rule. Not until after the Civil War did California become a truly free state.

Beyond disciplinary boundaries: Leveraging complementary perspectives on global labour

“…But mobility is not the same thing as freedom. Historians and social scientists soon recognized that the similarities and continuities between slave, free and unfree labour in both the 19th and the 21st centuries have been as important as the distinctions between them, which were once thought to be well ratified by the abolition movements that swept the globe in the Victorian era (Brass, 2013; Brass and Van der Linden, 1997; Fudge and Strauss, 2013; Magliari, 2004; Parreñas et al., 2012). With respect to these developments in the 19th century, the American Civil War was arguably the most important world historic event.…”