Free electron lasers: Present status and future challenges

Barletta, William A.; Bisognano, J.J.; Corlett, J.; Emma, P.; Huang, Zhirong; Kim, K.-J.; Lindberg, Ryan; Murphy, J.B.; Neil, George; Nguyen, Dinh C.; Pellegrini, C.; Rimmer, Robert; Sannibale, F.; Stupakov, Gennady; Walker, R.P.; Zholents, A.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.02.274

Cited by 108 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…With the invention of the hard X-ray laser (e.g. Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) [2]), new types of diffraction data are becoming available [3,4] which offer new possibilities for direct phasing, not limited in this way. There is a particular need for a direct phasing method which does not require atomic-resolution data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LCLS [2]) in the serial crystallography geometry [9], where a steady stream of hydrated protein nanocrystals, of varying sizes and in random orientations, is sprayed in single file across the femtosecond X-ray beam, and the detector is read out after every pulse, ideally with one nanocrystal per exposure. It is then found that a ten femtosecond X-ray pulse terminates before significant radiation damage occurs to the sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phasing of coherent femtosecond X-ray diffraction from size-varying nanocrystals

Spence¹,

Wang²,

Weierstall³

et al. 2011

Opt. Express

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Abstract:The scattering between Bragg reflections from nanocrystals is used to aid solution of the phase problem. We describe a method for reconstructing the charge density of a typical molecule within a single unit cell, if sufficiently finely-sampled "snap-shot" diffraction data (as provided a free-electron X-ray laser) are available from many nanocrystals of different sizes lying in random orientations. By using information on the particle-size distribution within the patterns, this digital method succeeds, using all the data, without knowledge of the distribution of particle size or requiring atomic-resolution data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phasing of coherent femtosecond X-ray diffraction from size-varying nanocrystals

Spence¹,

Wang²,

Weierstall³

et al. 2011

Opt. Express

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“…A combination of these quantities define the normalized beam brightness B n ¼ 2I=ϵ 2 n where I ¼ Q=τ is the current. While PBA experiments have produced useful beams, they have not produced beams with the necessary brightness and energy spread needed to drive an x-ray free-electron-laser (X-FEL) [2] or the charge and emittance needed as an injector for a future linear collider [3].The electron bunches needed to load plasma wakefields are very short and need to be synchronized with the driver. Therefore, self-injection has been actively investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PBA is also capable of self-generating electron bunches that have significant charge (Q), short duration (τ) and low normalized emittance (ϵ n ). A combination of these quantities define the normalized beam brightness B n ¼ 2I=ϵ 2 n where I ¼ Q=τ is the current. While PBA experiments have produced useful beams, they have not produced beams with the necessary brightness and energy spread needed to drive an x-ray free-electron-laser (X-FEL) [2] or the charge and emittance needed as an injector for a future linear collider [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High quality electron bunch generation using a longitudinal density-tailored plasma-based accelerator in the three-dimensional blowout regime

et al. 2017

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

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The generation of very high quality electron bunches (high brightness and low energy spread) from a plasma-based accelerator in the three-dimensional blowout regime using self-injection in tailored plasma density profiles is analyzed theoretically and with particle-in-cell simulations. The underlying physical mechanism that leads to the generation of high quality electrons is uncovered by tracking the trajectories of the electrons in the sheath that are trapped by the wake. Details on how the intensity of the driver and the density scale-length of the plasma control the ultimate beam quality are described. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations indicate that this concept has the potential to produce beams with peak brightnesses between 10 20 and 10 21 A=m 2 =rad 2 and with absolute slice energy spreads of ∼Oð0.1Þ MeV using existing lasers or electron beams to drive nonlinear wakefields. We also show projected energy spreads as low as ∼0.3 MeV for half the charge can be generated at an optimized acceleration distance. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.20.111303 Research in plasma-based acceleration (PBA) driven by a laser pulse or a relativistic electron beam is very active [1] because the large accelerating gradients in plasma wave wakefields may lead to compact accelerators. PBA is also capable of self-generating electron bunches that have significant charge (Q), short duration (τ) and low normalized emittance (ϵ n ). A combination of these quantities define the normalized beam brightness B n ¼ 2I=ϵ 2 n where I ¼ Q=τ is the current. While PBA experiments have produced useful beams, they have not produced beams with the necessary brightness and energy spread needed to drive an x-ray free-electron-laser (X-FEL) [2] or the charge and emittance needed as an injector for a future linear collider [3].The electron bunches needed to load plasma wakefields are very short and need to be synchronized with the driver. Therefore, self-injection has been actively investigated. The threshold for self-injection of electrons into nonlinear three-dimensional (3D) plasma waves in uniform plasmas has been studied in simulations and experiments [4][5][6][7][8]. Even in simulations, this process does not appear to be capable of generating the high quality beams needed for X-FELs or a linear collider [9][10][11]. Therefore there has been much recent work on methods for generating high brightness beams through controlled injection. These ideas fall into three categories. In one, electrons are born inside the wake through field ionization where the wake potential is near a maximum which eases the trapping threshold [12][13][14]. There are now numerous variations of this idea in which the injection and wake excitation are separated [15][16][17]. In the second, one or more laser pulses are used to trigger injection inside one plasma wake bucket [18][19][20][21]. In the third, which we consider here, the effective phase velocity of the wake is slowed down either by a density transition from high to low density [22,23], or through ...

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“…6 of Laser Handbook [45,46]. I would also like to draw the reader's attention to the recently published articles by Huang and Kim [47] and by Barletta et al [48] giving an overview of recent developments and ideas on hard X-ray FELs and novel seeding schemes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft and Hard X-ray SASE Free Electron Lasers

Schreiber

2011

Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology

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In the last couple of years, free electron lasers (FELs) have been a remarkable success as fourth generation light sources all over the world. Operating in the SASE mode, they produce laser-like radiation in a broad wavelength range. Especially in the soft and hard X-ray ranges, these light sources open unique and completely new fields in physics and allow a vast range of applications in most scientific fields. This article gives an overview of the principles of FELs and the SASE process, discusses technological challenges and solutions, and presents an outlook for future developments.

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Free electron lasers: Present status and future challenges

Cited by 108 publications

References 124 publications

Phasing of coherent femtosecond X-ray diffraction from size-varying nanocrystals

Phasing of coherent femtosecond X-ray diffraction from size-varying nanocrystals

High quality electron bunch generation using a longitudinal density-tailored plasma-based accelerator in the three-dimensional blowout regime

Soft and Hard X-ray SASE Free Electron Lasers

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