Free Circulating miRNAs Measurement in Clinical Settings

Faraldi, Martina; Banfi, Giuseppe; Lombardi, Giovanni

doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2018.07.003

Cited by 47 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Finally, the post-analytical phase is related to all the procedure that bring to the association of the analytical output to the subject from whom the sample has been taken. In the case of miRNA analysis, the analytical output is represented by a raw value (e.g., the threshold cycle [C T ] from real-time PCR) that needs to be normalized throughout the application of specific, although not universally accepted, algorithms [12,28,29]. Further information about the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical variables affecting miRNA determination are reported in Section 1.2.2.…”

Section: Mirnas As Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the post-analytical stage, the reference gene selection together with the normalization strategy applied for miRNAs quantification represent the most challenging issue due to the absence of a standardized methodology. The RT-qPCR data for miRNAs expression can be normalized using single or multiple endogenous or exogenous reference genes as well as by the averaged expression value of all the measured miRNAs [28,38,[60][61][62][63]. Advantages and disadvantages of these normalization strategies are well summarized in [28], which also highlights how the best normalization strategy consists of the use of the reference gene with the most stable expression values in all the samples of a specific trial [28].…”

Section: • Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that these diagnostic methods, although valuable, present several practical defects that limit part of their diagnostic potential: bone turnover markers are not completely accurate in evaluating bone formation and reabsorption, while DXA can give information only about the just established bone architectural alterations which require weeks or also months to be detected [70]. Up to now, miRNAs show a great diagnostic and prognostic potential despite the significant issues in the pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical evaluation phases and their ability as modulators of the biological pathways, if evaluated in combination with the commonly used diagnostics, may reveal a more exhaustive clinical situation as well as rapid information of patients' response to the treatment [28,48]. This is fundamental for OP, which is a complex syndromic disease whose prognosis and evolution (i.e., fracture) depend both on the whole-body metabolism and bone metabolic status.…”

Section: Circulating Mirnas In Pre-and Postmenopausal Osteoporosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Clinical Potential of Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers: Present and Future Applications for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Age-Associated Bone Diseases

2020

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Osteoporosis, related fracture/fragility, and osteoarthritis are age-related pathologies that, over recent years, have seen increasing incidence and prevalence due to population ageing. The diagnostic approaches to these pathologies suffer from limited sensitivity and specificity, also in monitoring the disease progression or treatment. For this reason, new biomarkers are desirable for improving the management of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis patients. The non-coding RNAs, called miRNAs, are key post-transcriptional factors in bone homeostasis, and promising circulating biomarkers for pathological conditions in which to perform a biopsy can be problematic. In fact, miRNAs can easily be detected in biological fluids (i.e., blood, serum, plasma) using methods with elevated sensitivity and specificity (RT-qPCR, microarray, and NGS). However, the analytical phases required for miRNAs’ evaluation still present some practical issues that limit their use in clinical practice. This review reveals miRNAs’ potential as circulating biomarkers for evaluating predisposition, diagnosis, and prognosis of osteoporosis (postmenopausal or idiopathic), bone fracture/fragility, and osteoarthritis, with a focus on pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical protocols used for their validation and thus on their clinical applicability. These evidences may support the definition of early diagnostic tools based on circulating miRNAs for bone diseases and osteoarthritis as well as for monitoring the effects of specific treatments.

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Section: Mirnas As Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: • Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Circulating Mirnas In Pre-and Postmenopausal Osteoporosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Clinical Potential of Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers: Present and Future Applications for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Age-Associated Bone Diseases

2020

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“…Another normalization strategy named "Global Mean Normalization" uses the average expression level of all miRNAs detected in a sample as a normalization factor (92). For a more detailed analysis of normalization strategies in circulating miRNAs, we refer to other reviews specifically focused on the topic (92,93).…”

Section: Dna Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Epigenetic Biomarkers in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: State of the Art and critical Evaluation

et al. 2020

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Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive cancer, which originates from the mesothelial cells of the pleura and is associated with asbestos exposure. In light of its aggressive nature, late diagnosis and dismal prognosis, there is an urgent need for identification of biomarkers in easily accessible samples (such as blood) for early diagnosis of MPM. In the last 10 years, epigenetic markers, such as DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs), have gained popularity as possible early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer research. The aim of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the current evidences on circulating epigenetic biomarkers for MPM and on their translational potential to the clinical practice for early diagnosis and for prognosis.

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“…The hypothesis of the existence of regulatory RNA molecules [4] was confirmed after the discovery, in Caenorabditis elegans, of the short ssRNA lin-4, able to regulate the expression of the lin-14 gene throughout an antisense interaction [5]. Such short regulatory RNAs, named miRNAs, and the relative regulatory systems, have been discovered in all the living organisms, included viruses [6]. miRNAs are encoded from DNA sequences (i.e., miRNA genes) which are generally located within noncoding regions, introns and untranslated regions (UTRs) of protein-encoding sequences, and their expression is submitted to the same epigenetics regulation as for the protein-encoding genes, e.g., methylation, acetylation/deacetylation [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

microRNAs in the Antitumor Immune Response and in Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer: From Biological Mechanisms to Therapeutics

Maroni

Banfi

Lombardi

2020

IJMS

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Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, and the occurrence of metastasis drastically worsens the prognosis and reduces overall survival. Understanding the biological mechanisms that regulate the transformation of malignant cells, the consequent metastatic transformation, and the immune surveillance in the tumor progression would contribute to the development of more effective and targeted treatments. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs) have proven to be key regulators of the tumor-immune cells crosstalk for the hijack of the immunosurveillance to promote tumor cells immune escape and cancer progression, as well as modulators of the metastasis formation process, ranging from the preparation of the metastatic site to the transformation into the migrating phenotype of tumor cells. In particular, their deregulated expression has been linked to the aberrant expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to promote tumorigenesis. This review aims at summarizing the role and functions of miRNAs involved in antitumor immune response and in the metastasis formation process in breast cancer. Additionally, miRNAs are promising targets for gene therapy as their modulation has the potential to support or inhibit specific mechanisms to negatively affect tumorigenesis. With this perspective, the most recent strategies developed for miRNA-based therapeutics are illustrated.

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Free Circulating miRNAs Measurement in Clinical Settings

Cited by 47 publications

References 102 publications

The Clinical Potential of Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers: Present and Future Applications for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Age-Associated Bone Diseases

The Clinical Potential of Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers: Present and Future Applications for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Age-Associated Bone Diseases

Circulating Epigenetic Biomarkers in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: State of the Art and critical Evaluation

microRNAs in the Antitumor Immune Response and in Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer: From Biological Mechanisms to Therapeutics

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