Free Breathing Real-Time Cardiac Cine Imaging With Improved Spatial Resolution at 3 T

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate free-breathing single-shot real-time cine imaging for functional cardiac imaging at 3 T with increased spatial resolution. Special emphasis of this study was placed on the influence of parallel imaging techniques. Materials and Methods: Gradient echo phantom images were acquired with GRAPPA and modified SENSE reconstruction using both integrated and separate reference scans as well as TGRAPPA and TSENSE. In vivo measurements were performed for GRAPPA reconstruction with an integrated and a separate reference scan, as well as TGRAPPA using balanced steady-state free precession protocols. Three clinical protocols, rtLRInt (T res = 51.3 milliseconds; voxel, 2.5 Â 5.0 Â 10 mm 3 ), rtMRSep (T res = 48.8 milliseconds; voxel, 1.9 Â 3.1 Â 10 mm 3 ), and rtHRSep (T res = 48.3 milliseconds; voxel, 1.6 Â 2.6 Â 10 mm 3 ), were investigated on 20 volunteers using GRAPPA reconstruction with internal as well as separate reference scans. End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, ejection fraction, peak ejection rate, peak filling rate, and myocardial mass were evaluated for the left ventricle and compared with an electrocardiogram-triggered segmented readout cine protocol used as standard of reference. All studies were performed at 3 T. Results: Phantom and in vivo data demonstrate that the combination of GRAPPA reconstruction with a separate reference scan provides an optimal compromise of image quality as well as spatial and temporal resolution. Functional values (P values) for the standard of reference, rtLRInt, rtMRSep, and rtHRSep end-diastolic volume were 141 T 24 mL, 138 T 21 mL, 138 T 19 mL, and 128 T 33 mL, respectively (P = 0.7, 0.7, 0.4); end-systolic volume, 55 T 15 mL, 61 T 14 mL, 58 T 12 mL, and 55 T 20 mL, respectively (P = 0.23, 0.43, 0.62); ejection fraction, 61% T 5%, 57% T 5%, 58% T 4%, and 56% T 8%, respectively (P = 0.01, 0.11, 0.06); peak ejection rate, 481 T 73 mL/s, 425 T 62 mL/s, 434 T 67 mL/s, and 381 T 86 mL/s, respectively (P = 0.03, 0.04, 0.01); peak filling rate, 555 T 80 mL/s, 480 T 70 mL/s, 500 T 70 mL/s, and 438 T 108 mL/s, respectively (P = 0.007, 0.05, 0.004); and myocardial mass, 137 T 26 g, 141 T 25 g, 141 T 23 g, and 130 T 31 g, respectively (P = 0.62, 0.54, 0.99). Conclusions: Using a separate reference scan and high acceleration factors up to R = 6, single-shot real-time cardiac imaging offers adequate temporal and spatial resolution for accurate assessment of global left ventricular function in free breathing with short examination times.

Recent advances in parallel imaging for MRI

“…Like SENSE, most vendor implementations of GRAPPA are able to display reconstructed images almost immediately after acquisition. Some applications include cardiac CINE imaging with GRAPPA [43,44] or TGRAPPA [45] and dynamic imaging of swallowing and pharyngeal movement [46]. Interventional imaging requires high temporal resolutions and rapid scan plane reorientations that can be achieved with parallel imaging reconstructions like GRAPPA [47,48].…”

Retrospective Electrocardiography-Gated Real-Time Cardiac Cine MRI at 3T: Comparison with Conventional Segmented Cine MRI

“…Real-time cine sequence has been validated at 1.5 (678) and 3 tesla (T) (910) for volumetric assessment with different acceleration techniques including compressed sensing (CS) (1011) and temporal sensitivity encoding (12). However, most of the reported real-time sequences were implemented with prospective ECG triggering for data acquisition (61013), which did not cover the entire cardiac cycle and will lead to underestimation of end-diastolic volume (EDV) (1113).…”

Use of an advanced 3-T MRI movie to investigate articulation

“…Moreover, the 3-T scanner is equipped GRAPPA technology, which can reduce the acquisition time. [34][35][36] In GRAPPA, the acceleration factor changes from 2 to more than 10. The acquisition time is shortened in proportion to the factor; however, the image quality decreases simultaneously.…”