Free amino acids and protein concentrations in reproductive tract fluids of the mare

Engle, C.C.; Foley, C. Michael; Plotka, E. D.; Witherspoon, D.M.

doi:10.1016/0093-691x(84)90385-6

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The identification of Gly as a highly abundant amino acid in female reproductive tract fluids is consistent with previous observations in cattle (Fahning et al 1967;Tiffin et al 1991;Moore and Bondioli 1993;Steeves and Gardner 1999;Elhassan et al 2001;Hugentobler et al 2007), sheep (Hill et al 1997;Moses et al 1997;Gao et al 2009b), horses (Engle et al 1984) and rabbits (Miller and Schultz 1987). The relatively high abundance of Gly in the uterine lumen across species suggests that it has an important role in embryo and/or conceptus development, and this is further supported by its abundance in the fetuses of swine throughout pregnancy (Wu et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Effects of systemic progesterone during the early luteal phase on the availabilities of amino acids and glucose in the bovine uterine lumen

Mullen

Bazer

Parr

et al. 2014

Reprod. Fertil. Dev.

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Abstract. The uterine histotroph provides essential nutrition to the developing conceptus during the preimplantation period of pregnancy. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of cycle stage and progesterone (P4) concentrations in the blood on the recoverable quantities of amino acids and glucose in the histotroph during the preimplantaion period of conceptus development. Following oestrus, dairy heifers were assigned to low, control or high P4 groups (n ¼ 6 heifers per treatment and time point). The uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum was flushed on either Day 7 or Day 13. The present study quantified 24 amino acids and glucose in the uterine flushings using HPLC and fluorometry, respectively. Heifers in the low P4 group had lower plasma concentrations of P4 throughout the cycle, whereas heifers in the high group had higher plasma concentrations of P4 between Days 3 and 7 compared with the control group (P , 0.05). Total recoverable neutral (Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Cit, b-Ala, Tau, Ala, Tyr, Trp, Met, Val, Phe, Ile, Leu, Pro and Cys), acidic (Glu) and basic (His, Arg, Orn and Lys) amino acids were greater (P , 0.05) on Day 13 than on Day 7. There was no significant difference in the amount of Asp or Asn between Day 7 and Day 13. The amount of amino acids recovered on Day 7 was similar across treatment groups. On Day 13, the amount of Asn, His and Thr was lower (P , 0.05) in the low P4 heifers compared with the controls and/or high P4 heifers. Quantities of glucose were not altered by cycle stage or P4 treatment. In conclusion, the stage of oestrous cycle and P4 play important roles in modulating amino acids in the histotroph, a potentially critical factor for early embryonic and/or conceptus survival.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Effects of systemic progesterone during the early luteal phase on the availabilities of amino acids and glucose in the bovine uterine lumen

Mullen

Bazer

Parr

et al. 2014

Reprod. Fertil. Dev.

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“…This high concentration of GLY suggests an unusual role(s) for this amino acid in the reproductive tract. Similar findings of high GLY levels were previously reported in bovine [2], ovine [22,23], rabbit [24], mare [25] and the mouse [26]. Leese and Gray, [27] reported that the secretion rate of GLY into the rabbit oviduct lumen was the highest of the amino acids and it comprised 70% of the amino acid pool in blastocysts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Amino acid concentrations in fluids from the bovine oviduct and uterus and in ksom-based culture media

Elhassan

Leanez

et al. 2001

Theriogenology

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AabstractOviductal (OF) and uterine (UF) fluids from slaughterhouse bovine reproductive tracts selected around the pre-implantation period of embryo development were analyzed for twenty-four amino acids. Amino acid concentrations in the OF and UF fluids were compared with those in a base culture medium (KSOM) supplemented with either FCS or Minimum Essential Medium amino acids (MEM-aa) in addition to PVA, FCS or BSA. Concentrations of 23 amino acids in UF were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those provided by KSOM supplemented with any of the supplements. Cystine was the only amino acid that was supplemented in comparable levels to those in UF. However, OF levels of CYS were higher than those in UF and supplemented KSOM. Compared to amino acid levels in OF, the supplementation of KSOM with either FCS or MEM-aa in addition to PVA, FCS or BSA resulted in significantly (P<0.05) lower levels of 15, 13, 13 and 10 amino acids, respectively. The results showed that non-essential (NE) amino acids are the most abundant in both OF and UF, and compared to essential (E) amino acids, they were present in both fluids at ratios of 5:1 and 2:1, respectively. Glycine (14.1 mM), GLU (5.5 mM) and ALA (3.7 mM) were present in high concentrations and comprised 72% of the free amino acid pool of OF. In the uterine fluid, concentrations of GLY (12.0 mM), GLU (4.2 mM), ALA (3.1 mM) and SER (2.7 mM) were the highest. Concentrations of all non-standard amino acids were significantly (P<0.05) higher in UF compared to KSOM supplemented with either FCS or FCS in addition to MEM-aa. In OF, only CIT and -ALA were significantly (P<0.05) higher in concentrations compared to KSOM under similar supplementation. In conclusion, concentrations of most of the amino acids in the bovine reproductive tract were substantially higher than those supplemented in culture media commonly used for in vitro development of bovine preimplantation embryos. Adjustment of amino acid concentrations in the culture medium according to those found in the bovine reproductive tract may improve embryo development in vitro. Further culture studies are currently investigating this hypothesis.

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“…The clear exceptions are 1) glycine and alanine, which are at higher concentrations in oviductal fluid and 2) ornithine and taurine, which are not present in Eagle's amino acid preparations but are present in oviductal fluid. Glycine and alanine are the predominant amino acids in the oviductal fluid of several species (cow [12], rabbit [9], horse [25]), indicating an active role for each in early embryo development. Glycine, alanine, and taurine are implicated in the regulation of intracellular pH and in protecting the embryo from osmotic stress [26,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remnant cumulus cells were removed from putative zygotes (i.e., pronuclear embryos) by gentle pipetting. Zygotes were subsequently rinsed twice in the IVF medium and then twice in the appropriate culture medium before being randomly allocated (in groups of [20][21][22][23][24][25] to wells each containing 0.8 ml of culture medium covered with paraffin oil. Culture occurred in a humidified atmosphere of 5% C0 2 :5% 02: 90% N 2 at 38.5°C.…”

Section: Embryo Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Ovine Embryos in Synthetic Oviductal Fluid Containing Amino Acids at Oviductal Fluid Concentrations

Walker

Hill

Kleemann

et al. 1996

Biology of Reproduction

162

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The effects of supplementing synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) with amino acids, at oviductal fluid concentrations, on the development of ovine in vitro-matured/in vitro-fertilized embryos was examined in three experiments. In the first, embryo development in SOF, SOF + 2% human serum (HS), SOF + 20% HS, and SOF + BSA, with and without amino acid supplementation, was examined. Development of zygotes to the blastocyst and hatching blastocyst stages was highest in medium containing 20% HS (64.8% and 54.4%, respectively) irrespective of amino acid supplementation. However, supplementation was significantly beneficial in all other media, with up to 42.1% of zygotes developing into hatching blastocysts. In these media, supplementation also significantly increased the mean number of nuclei per newly formed blastocyst (up to a mean of 70.8) and reduced the time during which blastocysts formed. Experiment 2 was an examination of the effect on embryo development of three amino acid preparations (oviduct amino acid concentrations vs. Eagle's Basal Medium (BME) essential + Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) nonessential vs. MEM essential + MEM nonessential concentrations) and the presence or absence of BSA. Both the amino acid and BSA treatments significantly influenced the percentage of zygotes that developed to the hatching blastocyst stage but not to the blastocyst stage. The preferred medium contained amino acids at oviductal fluid concentrations and BSA (54.5% hatching rate). The amino acid treatments did not significantly influence the mean number of nuclei per newly formed blastocyst, but the addition of BSA had a significant effect (70.7 +/- 1.14 vs. 75.7 +/- 1.13). In experiment 3, embryo development to Day 13 was examined after culture in SOF containing amino acids at oviductal fluid concentrations. Embryos were cultured in the presence of either BSA, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), or no additional supplement and were transferred to recipient ewes on either Day 0 (after in vitro fertilization), 3, or 5. The addition of BSA or PVA had no significant effect, but significantly more embryos developed to Day 13 following transfer on Day 0 (60.0%) than on either Day 3 or 5 (overall 45.4%). It is concluded that SOF containing oviductal fluid concentrations of amino acids 1) facilitates the development of a high percentage (57.5%) of blastocysts, 2) improves embryo morphology compared with that observed in medium containing HS, 3) significantly improves hatching rates compared with those obtained in SOF containing commercially available preparations of amino acids, and 4) produces embryos with relatively high levels of viability to Day 13 of pregnancy.

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Free amino acids and protein concentrations in reproductive tract fluids of the mare

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of systemic progesterone during the early luteal phase on the availabilities of amino acids and glucose in the bovine uterine lumen

Effects of systemic progesterone during the early luteal phase on the availabilities of amino acids and glucose in the bovine uterine lumen

Amino acid concentrations in fluids from the bovine oviduct and uterus and in ksom-based culture media

Development of Ovine Embryos in Synthetic Oviductal Fluid Containing Amino Acids at Oviductal Fluid Concentrations

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