Fredro, Aleksander: Zemsta

From the Pontic Area and Caucasus to the Nile Valley: Evidence of Graffiti on the Walls of a Pharaoh’s Tombs

“…9 Among them, the broadest study was made by Tariel Ebralidze which included 17 of the lamps discovered there. 10 One of the biggest issues with studying lychnological material from the eastern and southern part of the Black Sea region is the state and access to the research. The problem was raised by John Fossey in his study Illuminating the Black Sea in Antiquity.…”

“…According to Georgian scholars, the Chalybes belonged to the Chan (Western-Georgian) branch of the ethnic Kartvelian tribes and inhabited the southeastern Black Sea coast. 10 However, there are other considerations as well. 11 In this connection, it is not without interest to mention that in Old Georgian, as well as in the languages of several Caucasian peoples, steel was denoted by the term "Çanari", i.e., Chanian.…”

“…An indenta- tion corresponding to the rib-in some examples an actual groove-may be observed on the inside of the neck. 10 The Late Roman and Byzantine 'brown-clay' amphorae (Ch1D), which appeared around the mid-4th century AD and continued to be produced until the 7th century AD, are smaller than Ch1C2 and have a characteristic rib right under the rim in the form of a finger-made groove; the rim is usually triangular, while handles are always flat. 11 10 Tsetskhladze 1992, 91-104;Tsetskhladze, Vnukov 1993, 83-88;Tsetskhladze 1999, 109-113;Vnukov 2003, 166 and 170;Vnukov 2009, 30.…”

“…Vlasov concluded that there are currently no grounds for inferring that the Greeks actually produced handmade pottery on the spot. 10 Indeed, the Greeks in the 6th century BC used the potter's wheel and pottery workshops are known from the Black Sea colonies of this period, for instance, the 6th century BC installation discovered on the Berezan peninsula, suggesting that there were skilled craftsmen, including a potter, among the Greeks colonizing the northern shores of the Black Sea. 11 Therefore, considering whether the Greeks were capable of producing handmade ceramics in the Black Sea littoral in the 7th-6th centuries BC, one should ask whether this production was a home industry or made by a professional potter.…”

“…Between 72-74 AD the Alans, with the support of the Iberian king Mithridates, organized a campaign of destruction in the countries of the Middle East and conquered Media, Armenia and reached the provinces of Rome. 10 After that, there was a perceived need to ally Iberia with Rome, and this becomes a priority for the empire. 11 It seems the Romans felt that it would be much more profitable to establish control over the strategic crossings of the Caucasus, which were controlled by Iberia, with a friendly relationship.…”