Frazil Ice Formation: A Review

Osterkamp, T. E.

doi:10.1061/jyceaj.0005060

Cited by 47 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Finally, our laboratory experiments with single crystals were conducted in water supercooled by approximately 1.19°C (-1.81°C to -3.00°C) in contrast to the 0.01°C to (possibly) 0.34°C of supercooling recorded in the water at McMurdo (Littlepage, 1965;Hunt et al, 2003). This greater degree of supercooling was necessary to reliably initiate growth of a test crystal (a discrepancy long noted in the literature [Osterkamp, 1978], but not definitively explained), and it is possible that the interaction of crystal and organism differs with the degree of supercooling. In particular, the speed of growth of ice crystals increases with the magnitude of supercooling (Braslavsky and Lipson, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In nature, the extent of supercooling required for ice formation is modified by the presence of solid particles in the water, which serve as nucleation sites for the initial formation of ice crystals known as frazil ice (Martin, 1981). When effective nucleation sites are available, frazil ice can be found in water supercooled by only about 0.01°C (Osterkamp, 1978;Martin, 1981;Ashton, 1983;Lock, 1990). The effectiveness with which particles act as nucleating sites (and therefore their effectiveness in reducing the amount of supercooling required for freezing) depends on the surface properties of the particles (Lock, 1990).…”

Section: Anchor-ice Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anchor Ice and Benthic Disturbance in Shallow Antarctic Waters: Interspecific Variation in Initiation and Propagation of Ice Crystals

Denny

Dorgan

Evangelista

et al. 2011

The Biological Bulletin

108

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Sea ice typically forms at the ocean's surface, but given a source of supercooled water, an unusual form of ice--anchor ice--can grow on objects in the water column or at the seafloor. For several decades, ecologists have considered anchor ice to be an important agent of disturbance in the shallow-water benthic communities of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and potentially elsewhere in polar seas. Divers have documented anchor ice in the McMurdo communities, and its presence coincides with reduced abundance of the sponge Homaxinella balfourensis, which provides habitat for a diverse assemblage of benthic organisms. However, the mechanism of this disturbance has not been explored. Here we show interspecific differences in anchor-ice formation and propagation characteristics for Antarctic benthic organisms. The sponges H. balfourensis and Suberites caminatus show increased incidence of formation and accelerated spread of ice crystals compared to urchins and sea stars. Anchor ice also forms readily on sediments, from which it can grow and adhere to organisms. Our results are consistent with, and provide a potential first step toward, an explanation for disturbance patterns observed in shallow polar benthic communities. Interspecific differences in ice formation raise questions about how surface tissue characteristics such as surface area, rugosity, and mucus coating affect ice formation on invertebrates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Anchor-ice Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchor Ice and Benthic Disturbance in Shallow Antarctic Waters: Interspecific Variation in Initiation and Propagation of Ice Crystals

Denny

Dorgan

Evangelista

et al. 2011

The Biological Bulletin

108

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“…Pancake ice segments can also weld together to form larger floating segments of consolidated pancake ice [142]. By contrast, frazil ice consists of loose discrete ice crystals cooled from surface waters [143], with typical diameters ranging from 1 to 4 mm and thickness between 1 and 100 µm [144]. Finally, grease ice describes a layer of adjacent frazil ice crystals, accumulated together to create the appearance of an oil slick atop the water surface.…”

Section: Pancake Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Experiments on Ice Melting: A Need for Understanding Dynamics at the Ice-Water Interface

McCutchan

Johnson

2022

JMSE

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The ice-ocean interface is a dynamic zone characterized by the transfer of heat, salinity, and energy. Complex thermodynamics and fluid dynamics drive fascinating physics as ice is formed and lost under variable conditions. Observations and data from polar regions have shed light on contributions that oceanic currents, meltwater plumes, subglacial hydrology, pressurized bubbles within glacier ice, and other features of the ice-ocean boundary region can make on melting and transport. However, the complicated interaction of mechanisms related to ice loss remain difficult to discern, necessitating laboratory experiments to explore fundamental features of melting dynamics via controlled testing with rigorous measurement techniques. Here, we put forward a review of literature on laboratory experiments that explore ice loss in response to free and forced convective flows, considering melting based on laminar or turbulent flow conditions, ice geometries representing a range of idealized scenarios to those modeling glaciers found in nature, and features such as salinity and stratification. We present successful measurement techniques and highlight findings useful to understanding polar ice dynamics, and we aim to identify future directions and needs for experimental research to complement ongoing field investigations and numerical simulations to ultimately improve predictions of ice loss in our current and evolving climate.

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“…The nucleation and icing processes that occur in nature are all heterogeneous nucleation processes [3,91,92]. Academics currently believe that nucleation comes from impurities in water and crystals from the air (such as dust, snowflakes, droplets, or ice crystals in moist air) [12,[93][94][95]. Doering et al [8,25] used a reverse-rotating flume to observe the evolution of ice within the water.…”

Section: Nucleationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Frazil Ice Evolution Mechanisms and Numerical Modelling in Rivers and Channels in Cold Regions

Chen

Lian

Zhao

et al. 2023

Water

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Frazil ice comprises millimeter-sized ice crystal particles or flocculations in water, and its generation and evolution primarily occur during the initial stage of the river ice process. Meanwhile, ice damage caused by frazil ice is common, so it is crucial to determine its generation and evolution mechanisms to develop a full understanding of the river ice processes, the prediction of ice development, and ice damage prevention. The recent developments in frazil ice research and modeling are summarized in this article. From the perspectives of field measurements and laboratory experiments, the techniques and methods for observing frazil ice are reviewed, including the flow generation, temperature control, and observation techniques necessary for laboratory observations of frazil ice, as well as the challenging observation techniques used for field measurements. Frazil ice’s evolution mechanisms (nucleation, thermal growth, secondary nucleation, collisional fragmentation, and flocculation) are affected by water temperature processes. Work on the movement and distribution of frazil ice is also presented. A review of the current numerical models used to assess frazil ice evolution is conducted. Moreover, the open issues and potential future research topics are suggested.

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Frazil Ice Formation: A Review

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Anchor Ice and Benthic Disturbance in Shallow Antarctic Waters: Interspecific Variation in Initiation and Propagation of Ice Crystals

Anchor Ice and Benthic Disturbance in Shallow Antarctic Waters: Interspecific Variation in Initiation and Propagation of Ice Crystals

Laboratory Experiments on Ice Melting: A Need for Understanding Dynamics at the Ice-Water Interface

Advances in Frazil Ice Evolution Mechanisms and Numerical Modelling in Rivers and Channels in Cold Regions

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