“…Several types of fraud schemes form the basis of this problem in health insurance programs worldwide. ese are (1) billing for services not rendered (identity theft and phantom billing), (2) upcoding of services and items (upcoding), (3) duplicate billing, (4) unbundling of claims (unbundling/creative billing), (5) medically unnecessary services (bill padding), (6) excessive services (bill padding), (7) kickbacks, (8) impersonation, (9) ganging, (10) illegal cash exchange for prescription, (11) frivolous use of service, (12) insurance carriers' fraud, (13) falsifying reimbursement, (14) upcoding of service, and (14) insurance subscribers' fraud, among others [9,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”