Francisella and tularemia in western Asia, Iran: a systematic review

Fooladfar, Zahra; Moradi, Farhad

doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101092

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…About the fourth subspecies, there are variable reports. Some authors consider novicida to be a subspecies of F. tularensis (Fooladfara and Moradi 2023 ) while others consider F. novicida, as a separate species that is the least virulent (and opportunistic) (Johansson et al. 2000 ; Foley and Nieto 2010 ).…”

Section: Etiological Agent and Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, vector competence has only been demonstrated in ticks of the genera Dermacentor (Reese et al. 2010 ; Fooladfar and Moradi 2023 ). Interestingly, ticks act as both reservoirs as well as vectors of infection since they can carry the bacteria by transstadial as well as transovarial transmission.…”

Section: Reservoirs and Vectors Of F Tularensismentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2021 ). In Asia, tularemia is endemic in Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Iran (Fooladfar and Moradi 2023 ). The disease has also been reported in Israel, Mongolia, China, and Japan (Eliasson et al.…”

Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2008 ). In Iran, F. tularensis has been detected in different animals such as porcupines, cattle, and sheep (Fooladfar and Moradi 2023 ). However, sufficient studies are lacking across different animal species to validate their susceptibility or resistance to F. tularensis and its subspecies.…”

Section: Prevalence In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tularemia – a re-emerging disease with growing concern

Sharma,

Patil,

Singh

et al. 2023

Veterinary Quarterly

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Tularemia caused by Gram-negative, coccobacillus bacterium, Francisella tularensis, is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. Human cases have been reported mainly from the United States, Nordic countries like Sweden and Finland, and some European and Asian countries. Naturally, the disease occurs in several vertebrates, particularly lagomorphs. Type A (subspecies tularensis ) is more virulent and causes disease mainly in North America; type B (subspecies holarctica ) is widespread, while subspecies mediasiatica is present in central Asia. F. tularensis is a possible bioweapon due to its lethality, low infectious dosage, and aerosol transmission. Small mammals like rabbits, hares, and muskrats are primary sources of human infections, but true reservoir of F. tularensis is unknown. Vector-borne tularemia primarily involves ticks and mosquitoes. The bacterial subspecies involved and mode of transmission determine the clinical picture. Early signs are flu-like illnesses that may evolve into different clinical forms of tularemia that may or may not include lymphadenopathy. Ulcero-glandular and glandular forms are acquired by arthropod bite or handling of infected animals, oculo-glandular form as a result of conjunctival infection, and oro-pharyngeal form by intake of contaminated food or water. Pulmonary form appears after inhalation of bacteria. Typhoidal form may occur after infection via different routes. Human-to-human transmission has not been known. Diagnosis can be achieved by serology, bacterial culture, and molecular methods. Treatment for tularemia typically entails use of quinolones, tetracyclines, or aminoglycosides. Preventive measures are necessary to avoid infection although difficult to implement. Research is underway for the development of effective live attenuated and subunit vaccines.

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Section: Etiological Agent and Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reservoirs and Vectors Of F Tularensismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tularemia – a re-emerging disease with growing concern

Sharma,

Patil,

Singh

et al. 2023

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…As a member of the Francisella genus, F. philomiragia is an opportunistic pathogen causing fever, pneumonia, and systemic infection such as bacteremia. Different from its more virulent relative Francisella tularensis , F. philomiragia infection related to saltwater exposure usually occurs in immunocompromised or near-drowning people ( Wenger et al., 1989 ; Sicherer et al., 1997 ; Friis-Møller et al., 2004 ; Mailman and Schmidt, 2005 ; Kreitmann et al., 2015 ; Relich et al., 2015 ; Robles-Marhuenda et al., 2018 ; Froböse et al., 2020 ; Chua et al., 2021 ) while tularemia transmitted by the bite of arthropods, contacting infected animals, consuming contaminated water and food, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols ( Fooladfar and Moradi, 2023 ) always occurs in people with normal immunity apart from a few cases with abnormal immunity ( Wenger et al., 1989 ). Confusion with F. tularensis may lead to false biohazard alarms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case report: Francisella philomiragia bacteremia in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Francisella philomiragia is a Gram-negative coccobacillus, which is a very rare human opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia and systemic infection. It is difficult to identify this bacterium through conventional Gram-staining and biochemical methods due to an amorphous Gram stain appearance after 24 h culture and its relatively fastidious and slow growth giving weak and/or delayed reactions in biochemical tests. It is often misidentified as other bacteria including Haemophilus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Sphingomonas paucimobilis. False identification may delay the therapy of the patients and even endanger the patient’s life. Here, we report a case of a 34-year-old man with acute lymphoblastic leukemia infected by F. philomiragia, which was almost misdiagnosed. This case describes our identification of a patient with a systemic F. philomiragia infection. To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in China.

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