“…Past research on framing of sales promotion has found that non-monetary promotions are more likely to be framed as gains, whereas monetary promotions are framed as reduced losses Campbell and Diamond, 1990;Diamond and Campbell, 1989;Diamond and Johnson, 1990;and Diamond and Sanyal, 1990). For example, Campbell and Diamond (1989) found that consumers regarded non-monetary promotions, such as free goods or extra amounts of the product, as "extra gains," while they regarded monetary promotions, such as discounts, as "reduced losses (losing less than usual)."…”