“…Crowdsourcing has been a phenomenon characterised by many overlapping idiosyncratic definitions coming from research fields in volunteered geographic information Senaratne, Mobasheri, Ali, Capineri, & Haklay, 2017), crowd wisdom (Davis-Stober, Budescu, Dana, & Broomell, 2014), collective intelligence (Suran, Pattanaik, & Draheim, 2020), mobile crowd sensing (Guo, Yu, Zhou, & Zhang, 2014;Kazemi et al, 2013;Ogie, 2016), and participatory sensing (Burke, Estrin, Hansen, Parker, Ramanathan, Reddy, Srivastava, 2006;Farkas, 2020); and to date, there is still an absence of shared scientific terms and concepts. The applications of crowdsourcing have been numerous and varied, cutting across a wide range of areas for supporting public processes in planning, decision-making and policy formation activities in public health, education, public safety, environmental monitoring, transportation, and disaster management (Feese, Burscher, Jonas, & Tröster, 2014;Hossain & Kauranen, 2015;Klonner, Marx, Usón, Porto de Albuquerque, & Höfle, 2016;Lashkari, Rezazadeh, Farahbakhsh, & Sandrasegaran, 2019;.…”