Framework of wastewater reclamation and reuse policies (WRRPs) in China: Comparative analysis across levels and areas

Chang, Dunhu; Ma, Zhong; Wang, Xin

doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.05.006

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A number of cities began to construct their own municipal wastewater reclamation systems and used the reclaimed water outputs to meet the increasing water demand. After the execution of the revised Water Act of the People's Republic of China in 2002, utilization of reclaimed water is encouraged nationwide (Chang et al ., ). A large number of resources have been invested in research to boost the uses of reclaimed water.…”

Section: History and Current Status Of Reclaimed Water Irrigation In mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Thus, reclaimed water has become a valuable resource for irrigation use (Chen et al ., ). According to the revised Water Act of the People's Republic of China that was executed in 2002, the utilization of reclaimed water is encouraged (Chang et al ., ). Central and local governments have released policies intending to promote wastewater recycling with the advancement of a national strategy for wastewater reclamation and reuse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Using Reclaimed Water for Agricultural and Landscape Irrigation in China: a Review

Zhen

2017

Irrigation and Drainage

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Suffering from severe water scarcity, China has been using wastewater for irrigating cereal, fiber, and vegetable crops as well as landscapes, for decades. During this time, both quantities and qualities have been enhanced from raw wastewater to secondary and even tertiary treated wastewater. Currently, approximately one-third of the reclaimed water is used for agricultural irrigation. Moreover, 34, 12, 23 and 2% of the reclaimed water is used in the sector of recreation/environment, miscellaneous urban use, industry, and groundwater recharge, respectively. Extensive research has been conducted concerning irrigation with reclaimed water, including the responses of crops and risk assessments of the environment, soils, groundwater, and human exposure. A positive response to reclaimed water irrigation on crop growth and yield with acceptable product qualities was found as a resulted of exposure of the additional nutrient constituents of reclaimed water. These findings were generally supported, although reductions in crop yield and quality and the ornamental performance of landscapes and soil deterioration were occasionally reported in the literature. More reclaimed water is expected to be used for agricultural and landscape irrigation as the conventional water supply is becoming increasingly limited. The increasing concern of environmental risk caused by irrigation with reclaimed water and its complexity requires continuous monitoring and more research on the negative influences resulting from reclaimed water irrigation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉSUMÉSouffrant d'une grave pénurie d'eau, la Chine utilise des eaux usées depuis des décennies pour l'irrigation des cultures de céréales, de fibres, de légumes ainsi que les espaces verts. Pendant ce temps, les quantités et les qualités des eaux usées brutes, secondaires et même tertiaires ont été améliorées. Actuellement, environ un tiers de l'eau récupérée est utilisée pour l'irrigation agricole. En outre, 34, 12, 23 et 2% de l'eau récupérée est utilisée dans le secteur des loisirs, de l'environnement, des utilisations diverses urbaines, de l'industrie et de la recharge des eaux souterraines, respectivement. Des recherches approfondies ont été menées sur l'irrigation avec de l'eau régénérée, incluant les réponses des cultures, les évaluations des risques sur l'environnement, les sols, les eaux souterraines et l'exposition humaine. Une réponse positive à l'irrigation de l'eau réutilisée sur la croissance des cultures et leur rendement, avec des qualités de produit acceptables a été trouvée comme résultant du supplément en constituants nutritifs de l'eau régénérée. Ces résultats sont généralement bien établis, mais la littérature fait occasionnellement état de réductions du rendement, de la qualité des cultures ainsi, de la performance ornementale des paysages et de la détérioration des sols. On s'attend à ce que davantage d'eau récupérée soit utilisée pour l'irrigation agricole et paysagère, car l'approvisionnement en eau conventionnelle est de p...

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Section: History and Current Status Of Reclaimed Water Irrigation In mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Using Reclaimed Water for Agricultural and Landscape Irrigation in China: a Review

Zhen

2017

Irrigation and Drainage

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“…Some studies of reclaimed water utilisation are focused on technical aspects, such as water reclamation technology assessment and construction plan analysis (Gander et al, 2000;Wintgensa et al, 2006;Tan et al, 2013), or qualitative analysis in regional water management (Song et al, 2009;Chang & Ma, 2012;Chang et al, 2013). Because the potential of reclaimed water utilisation is subject to various factors, including environmental, financial, political, economic, technical, social and institutional aspects ( Joksimovica et al, 2006), recently some research studies have attempted to analyse reclaimed water utilisation within an integrated water system with consideration of socio-economic aspects (Oron, 1996;Chu et al, 2004Chu et al, , 2007Raucher, 2006;Yang & Abbaspour, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the potential of using water reclamation to improve the water environment and economy: scenario analysis of Tianjin, China

Xiang

Shi

et al. 2014

Water Policy

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Tianjin City in China is a typical area that suffers from a serious water resource shortage and pollution problems, and this situation has spurred the use of reclaimed water as an additional source of water and an efficient method of improving water quality. This study aims to assess the reclaimed water utilisation amount available and its potential impacts on the water environment and economy, and proposes applicable approaches to establish the optimal development for Tianjin. A water resources-environment-economic management model was constructed, which was accomplished by dynamic linear optimisation. Through scenario analysis, Tianjin's optimal reclaimed water recycle rate can reach 56%, with 475 Â 10 6 tons of reclaimed water amount available (supporting 22% of the water supply), while bringing sufficient environmental and economic benefits, such as reducing 20% of water pollutants and maintaining 6.3% annual economic growth by 2020. This research also suggests that an integrated water management approach is preferable, including a proper introduction of technologies suited to the region's needs, a support system for construction, and control of water pollutant emission sources, especially in agriculture. The originally formulated water management system can be easily applied and extended to solve water issues, especially for water recycling.

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“…Effective public policies are imperative in managing environmental issues (Chang et al 2013). For three decades, Chinese government agencies have strived to mitigate contaminated soils and to prevent further pollution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil pollution and site remediation policies in China: A review

Jiao

Xiao

et al. 2015

Environ. Rev.

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It was not until the 1980s that China's policy makers became aware of the detrimental impacts on urban health from soil pollution as a result of industrial waste emissions. For the past three decades, the Chinese government has strived to prevent and control industrial pollution. Setting appropriate environmental policies is the key to mitigating the legacy of industrial waste emissions accumulated for three decades. In this paper, we review the development process by outlining the evolution of the policies and the resulting legal infrastructure in terms of acts, regulations, ordinances, and standards. Deficiencies of the existing policies are identified. In the early stages, environmental policies were fragmented, consisting of single-purpose laws that are narrowly focused. With time, these policies gradually evolved to become better integrated and comprehensive management plans. However, the laws emphasize contaminated site restoration instead of preventing soil pollution. The legal framework shows that the policies that are in place often lack clear mandates because the authorizations are piggybacked on environmental acts and regulations that do not directly address issues of soil pollution. Furthermore, implementation plans are impractical due to outdated soil quality standards, unclear soil cleanup goals, unenforceable liability and supervision mechanisms, limited funding, lack of transparency and public outreach, and the unreliable financial and technical capabilities of the remediation industries.Résumé : Il a fallu attendre les années 1980 avant que les décideurs politiques chinois prennent conscience des impacts néfastes sur la santé urbaine exercés par la pollution des sols provenant des émissions de rejets industriels. Au cours des trois dernières décades, le gouvernement chinois s'est efforcé de prévenir et de contrôler la pollution industrielle. La mise en place de politiques environnementales appropriées constitue la clé pour mitiger l'héritage des émissions de rejets industriels accumulés depuis pendant trois décades. Les auteurs passent en revue le processus de développement, en soulignant l'évolution des politiques et les infrastructures légales qui en résultent en termes d'actions, de règlements, d'ordonnances et de standards. On identifie de plus les faiblesses des politiques existantes. Aux premières étapes, les politiques étaient fragmentées, consistant en législations à finalités uniques étroitement ciblées. Avec le temps, ces politiques ont graduellement évolué pour se traduire en plans d'aménagement mieux intégrés et plus complets. Cependant, les lois insistent sur la restauration des sites contaminés plutôt que sur la prévention de la pollution du sol. Le cadre légal montre que les politiques en place manquent souvent de mandats clairs par ce que les autorisations s'empilent sur des actes et règlements ne s'adressant pas directement aux problèmes de la pollution des sols. De plus, la réalisation des plans n'est pas possible dû à des standards désuets sur la qualité des sols, des objectifs...

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Framework of wastewater reclamation and reuse policies (WRRPs) in China: Comparative analysis across levels and areas

Cited by 30 publications

References 21 publications

Using Reclaimed Water for Agricultural and Landscape Irrigation in China: a Review

Using Reclaimed Water for Agricultural and Landscape Irrigation in China: a Review

Assessing the potential of using water reclamation to improve the water environment and economy: scenario analysis of Tianjin, China

Soil pollution and site remediation policies in China: A review

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