Frame semantics

Abstract

FRAME SEMANTICS is a research program in empirical semantics which emphasizes the continuities between language and experience, and provides a framework for presenting the results of that research. A FRAME is any system of concepts related in such a way that to understand any one concept it is necessary to understand the entire system; introducing any one concept results in all of them becoming available. In Frame Semantics, a word represents a category of experience; part of the research endeavor is the uncovering of reasons a speech community has for creating the category represented by the word and including that reason in the description of the meaning of the word.Similar or comparable notions have developed and are employed in other fields, particularly artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology. (The near simultaneity and mutual recognition of the use of the concept among scholars in different fields are worth noting.) Perhaps of greatest influence for artificial intelligence was Minsky's work that presented frame as a cover term for "a data-structure representing a stereotyped situation" (1975:212). The work included a characterization of several types of frames, some of which corresponded to other uses by linguists (including Fillmore, 1968) and psychologists. Among the latter were Schank and Abelson (1975) in whose work on story understanding the term script (comparable to Minsky's frame) refers to knowledge structures for sequences of events, a well-known example being the restaurant script. (See Tannen 1979 for a more detailed overview of the concept as used by other researchers, including anthropologists and sociologists, and an exposition of frame as "structures of expectations " (1979:144). See also Fillmore 1985a for additional citations of later works employing the concept.)The frame notion used in Frame Semantics can be traced most directly to case frames (Fillmore, 1968). In case grammar, the semantic roles of the arguments of predicates were considered crucial to the characterization of verbs and clauses. Case frames were understood as "characterizing a small abstract 'scene' or 'situation', so that to understand the semantic structure of the verb it was necessary to understand the properties of such schematized scenes" (Fillmore 1982:115). In the early papers on Frame Semantics, a distinction is drawn between scene and frame, the former being a cognitive, conceptual, or experiential entity and the latter being a linguistic one (e.g. Fillmore, 1975). In later works, scene ceases to be used and a frame is a cognitive structuring device, parts of which are indexed by words associated with it and used in the service of understanding (e.g. Fillmore, 1985a). (See Petruck (forthcoming) for a fuller account of the development of the frame idea in lexical semantics.)The notion can be exemplifed with the Commercial Transaction Frame, whose elements include a buyer, a seller, goods, and money. (Note that these frame elements have been designated in terms of situational roles; this contrasts with t...

O desencontro sintático-semântico em uma construção de tópico: a Construção de Argumento Cindido com SN-Artefato

“…Assumindo a perspectiva da Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1977;PETRUCK, 1996), cada sentido de um verbo é convencionalmente associado a um frame, que especifica o número e o tipo de lacunas associadas àquele determinado sentido do verbo em questão -na literatura da FrameNet (projeto lexicográfico computacional, coordenado por Charles Fillmore e Colin Baker), essas lacunas serão ocupadas pelos chamados Elementos de Frame (EFs). Desse conjunto de EFs, alguns são lexicalmente perfilados, no sentido de que são obrigatoriamente expressos ou, quando não expressos, devem receber uma interpretação definida.…”

Frames e fala espontânea

“…tommaso.raso@gmail.com próximos (cf. Petruck, 1996). Neste artigo, a referência de frame adotada é aquela utilizada nos estudos da Semântica de Frames, como inicialmente desenvolvida por Fillmore (1977Fillmore ( , 1982Fillmore ( , 1985Fillmore ( , 2008 e seus colaboradores e atualmente empregada nos diversos programas de pesquisa da rede FrameNet 4 .…”

“…5 Toda a literatura fundadora da área da semântica de frames menciona a sentença e construtos sintáticos como as unidades de referência para a análise e determinação dos elementos constituintes de um frame (cf. Fillmore, 1977Fillmore, , 1985Petruck, 1996). Mesmo os trabalhos que mencionam a contrapartida, ou interface, pragmática dos estudos semânticos (e sintáticos) que analisam a fala, 6 assumem tacitamente a sentença como a unidade fundamental de análise de onde se extrai os elementos que compõem um dado frame.…”

(Re-)Localization of Location-Based Games

“…Even though some games may not involve an elaborate linear plot, we suggest that game localization is always a matter of the design of a spatial narrative [16], where either some roles or some points in the story are fixed to locations, objects or activities in environmental space. In some cases, stories may be reduced to a minimal form, such as a script (a stereotyped sequence of events) or a frame (a stereotyped situation) in cognitive linguistics [28]. In these cases, roles may be almost unrecognizable and remain manifest only in the names of figures, such as the queen in chess.…”