Frailty, Sarcopenia, Cachexia, and Malnutrition in Heart Failure

Abstract

Author's summary Heart failure in the elderly is a multifaceted condition influenced by aging, organ deterioration, frailty, and cognitive decline, which significantly affects outcomes. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the relationship between frailty, sarcopenia, cachexia, malnutrition, and heart failure. These conditions are interrelated rather than independent and exert adverse effects on the prognosis of patients with heart failure. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, assessment, prognosis, and potential interventions for frailty, sarcopenia, cachexia, and malnutrition in patients with heart failure.