Fragmentation of small carbon clusters, a review

Béroff, K.; Chabot, M.; Mezdari, F.; Martinet, G.; Tuna, Thibaut; Désesquelles, P.; Lepadellec, A.; Barat, M.

doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.02.043

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Similar results were reported in [51]. High energy collisions give similar results up to the measured largest cluster N = 10, as reported in [52]. A study using collision induced dissociation showed C 5 as the main loss channels for C + 16 and C + 19 [53].…”

Section: Discussion and Summarysupporting

confidence: 89%

Thermal radiative cooling of carbon cluster cations C$_N^+$, $N = 9, 11,12, 17-27$

Iida,

Hu,

Zhang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The thermal radiative cooling rates of C + N clusters (N = 9, 11, 12, 17 − 27) have been measured in the ultrahigh vacuum of an electrostatic storage ring. The rates are measured as a competing channel to unimolecular decay, and the rate constants, which are on the order of 10 4 s −1 , pertain to the excitation energies where these two channels compete. Such high values can only be explained as photon emission from thermally excited electronic states. The high rates have a very strong stabilizing effect on the clusters and the underlying mechanism gives a high energy conversion efficiency, with the potential to reach high quantum efficiencies in the emission process. The competing decay of unimolecular fragmentation defines upper limits for photon energies that can be down-converted to lower energy photons. Including previously measured cluster sizes provides the limits for all clusters C + N , N = 8 − 27, and gives values that varies from 10 to 14.5 eV, with a general increase with size. Clusters absorbing photons of energies below these limits cool down rapidly by emission of photons via electronic transitions and remain unfragmented.

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Section: Discussion and Summarysupporting

confidence: 89%

Thermal radiative cooling of carbon cluster cations C$_N^+$, $N = 9, 11,12, 17-27$

Iida,

Hu,

Zhang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…This energy is resulting from both inner valence holes and electronic excitations. For small carbon clusters (n=2 to 10), the first contribution (inner valence holes) has been calculated in Béroff et al (2009). Dipole approximation in the collision was assumed.…”

Section: Internal Energy Following Multi-ionizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coulomb Explosion of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Induced by Heavy Cosmic Rays: Carbon Chains Production Rates

Chabot

Béroff

Dartois

et al. 2019

ApJ

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Cosmic Rays (CR) process the matter of the Interstellar Medium. Such energetic processing not only modifies the interstellar matter but also injects chemical species in the gas phase. In this work, we study the effect of the CR on the astrophysical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). For events in which many electrons are stripped out from the PAH by interaction with a heavy cosmic ray particle, coulomb explosion takes place and carbon chains are produced. The fragments production rates of carbon chains are of particular interest for astrophysical models. We computed PAH multi-ionization cross sections with an Independent Atom and Electron collisional model. We introduced and used a model to predict the fragmentation pattern for the coulomb explosion. Experimental measurements on small hydrocarbons, C 60 and PAHs were used to set confidence intervals on the calculations results. The carbon chains production rates were calculated using different CR fluxes and elemental compositions, to account for the variations expected in various astrophysical environments. A range of PAH sizes and compactness were also explored. The PAH lifetime with respect to a standard interstellar CR flux (corresponding to an H 2 ionization rate of ζ ≈ 6.10 −17 s −1 ) is found to be in the order of a few billion years. The production rates of interstellar carbon chains containing around 5-15 carbon atoms are in the order of few to many tens of percent of the H 2 ionization rate ζ. The exact rate value relies on the nature of the PAH and on the CR composition. In diffuse medium, with ten percent of the available cosmic carbon locked in PAHs, this process leads to carbon chain fractional abundances at steady state, in the range of 10 −15 -10 −14 , with a confidence interval of about one order of magnitude. It reaches 10 −13 in quiescent dense clouds.

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“…Likewise, C 7 + -C 9 + appear simultaneously and then track together, C 10 + -C 12 + appear and track together, and so on. Given that carbon cluster ions readily fragment in the gas phase, [47][48][49][50][51][52] it is important to ascertain the degree to which the observed droplet size dependence of the distributions are influenced by ion fragmentation processes. Previously, it has FIG.…”

Section: Assembly Of Carbon Clustersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helium droplet calorimetry of strongly bound species: Carbon clusters from C2 to C12

Lewis

Harruff-Miller

Leatherman

et al. 2014

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Helium droplet beam methods are a versatile technique that can be used to assemble a wide variety of atomic and molecular clusters. In recent years, methods have been developed to utilize helium droplets as nano-calorimeters to measure the binding energies of weakly bound complexes assembled within the droplet. In the current investigation we extend the helium droplet calorimetry approach to the study of a very strongly bound system: carbon clusters which are bound by several eV per atom. We utilize laser heating of bulk carbon samples to dope the helium droplets with evaporated carbon species. Depending on the laser target, the vaporization plume is found to consist primarily of C3 alone or C2 and C3. These species are sequentially captured by the droplet and assembled into larger carbon clusters in a stepwise manner. The assembled C(n) clusters are detected via mass spectrometry of the doped droplets and the droplet sizes required to detect the various carbon clusters observed are used to estimate the reaction energies of the associated assembly pathways. The helium droplet data qualitatively reflect the trends in assembly energetics, but at first glance appear to yield energies that differ dramatically from theoretical values. Statistical modeling of the helium droplet calorimetry experiment reconciles the differences quantitatively. Our modeling also generates a calibration curve that relates the assembly/reaction energy and threshold mean droplet size over a range of energies from van der Waals interactions to chemical bonding, enabling helium droplet calorimetry methods to be applied quantitatively to a large number of systems.

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Fragmentation of small carbon clusters, a review

Cited by 19 publications

References 39 publications

Thermal radiative cooling of carbon cluster cations C$_N^+$, $N = 9, 11,12, 17-27$

Thermal radiative cooling of carbon cluster cations C$_N^+$, $N = 9, 11,12, 17-27$

Coulomb Explosion of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Induced by Heavy Cosmic Rays: Carbon Chains Production Rates

Helium droplet calorimetry of strongly bound species: Carbon clusters from C2 to C12

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