Fragipan horizon degradation and bleached tongues formation in Albeluvisols of the Carpathian Foothills, Poland

Szymański, Wojciech; Skiba, Michał; Skiba, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.07.007

Cited by 39 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…More details concerning the preparation of samples for quantitative analysis of the mineral composition can be found in Szymański et al (2011) and Drewnik et al (2014). Random specimens were scanned from 2 to 65°2Θ at a counting speed of 0.02°/ 5 s. To calculate the mineral composition of the bulk samples, the Seifert Rietveld AutoQuan/BGMN software was used (Taut et al 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lower part of the soil profiles usually exhibits mottled color. Additionally, the lower soil horizons are characterized by presence of many hard and soft Fe-Mn nodules, and many clay coatings on ped faces and clay infillings in channels (Table 2) (Szymański et al 2011(Szymański et al , 2012. Such a morphology of the soils is very typical for Retisols (Albeluvisols) occurring in different areas around the world (e.g., Brinkman 1979;Lindbo et al 1994Lindbo et al , 1995Lindbo et al , 2000Montagne et al 2008;Kalinina et al 2013;Sauer et al 2013;Nikorych et al 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Starkel 1972). A moderately humid climate with mean annual air temperature between 6 and 8°C and total annual precipitation from 700 to 900 mm (Hess 1965) as well as a lack of carbonates in the loess cover serve as the main reasons for the prevalence of Luvisols and Retisols (which until recently were called Albeluvisols) across the Carpathian Foothills (Skiba and Drewnik 2003;Szymański et al 2011Szymański et al , 2012. The vegetation of the study area can be characterized by a mosaic of broadleaf forests (TilioCarpinetum) showing a prevalence of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), lime (Tilia cordata Mill.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fragipan shows low permeability which may lead to periodic water stagnation causing seasonal anaerobic conditions which favor reduction of iron oxides and their subsequent translocation and oxidation. Thus, it is very likely that ferrolysis may take place in Retisols containing a fragipan, because of the high bulk density and low porosity of the pan (e.g., Witty and Knox 1989;Lindbo et al 1994;Ciolkosz et al 1995;Szymański et al 2011). The seasonal stagnation of water within Retisols causes the bleaching of soil material indicating reduction and dissolution of iron oxides and their subsequent re-oxidation and immobilization in the form of iron nodules, concretions, soft masses, and pore linings (Cescas et al 1970;Schwertmann and Fanning 1976;Rhoton et al 1993;Zhang and Karathanasis 1997;Lindbo et al 2000;Dixon and White 2002;Szymański et al 2011Szymański et al , 2012Szymański et al , 2014Szymański and Skiba 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it is very likely that ferrolysis may take place in Retisols containing a fragipan, because of the high bulk density and low porosity of the pan (e.g., Witty and Knox 1989;Lindbo et al 1994;Ciolkosz et al 1995;Szymański et al 2011). The seasonal stagnation of water within Retisols causes the bleaching of soil material indicating reduction and dissolution of iron oxides and their subsequent re-oxidation and immobilization in the form of iron nodules, concretions, soft masses, and pore linings (Cescas et al 1970;Schwertmann and Fanning 1976;Rhoton et al 1993;Zhang and Karathanasis 1997;Lindbo et al 2000;Dixon and White 2002;Szymański et al 2011Szymański et al , 2012Szymański et al , 2014Szymański and Skiba 2013). Similar changes in the valence of iron may occur within the structures of clay minerals containing iron in the octahedral sheet (e.g., Rich 1968;Brinkman 1977;Rozenson and Heller-Kallai 1978;Gerstl and Banin 1980;Hardy et al 1999;Kohut and Warren 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of redox processes on clay mineral transformation in Retisols in the Carpathian Foothills in Poland. Is a ferrolysis process present?

Szymański

Skiba

Błachowski³

2016

J Soils Sediments

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Purpose Ferrolysis is a soil-forming process, which involves destruction of clay minerals due to cyclic reduction and oxidation in acidic and periodically wet soils. The main objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the influence of redox processes on clay mineral transformation in Retisols (Albeluvisols) in the Carpathian Foothills in Poland and (2) to verify the occurrence of ferrolysis in Retisols showing various degrees of bleaching. Materials and methods Twelve representative soil profiles were selected for analysis. All were formed entirely from loess except for two profiles, in which the lowermost horizons (2C) had developed from weathered flysch rocks residuum. Soil mineral analysis was done using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS). Results and discussion The obtained results indicate that the qualitative and quantitative mineral compositions of the clay fraction in the E and Eg horizons obtained from Retisols in the Carpathian Foothills exhibiting marked differences in bleaching (strong, moderate, weak, and lack of bleaching) caused by periodic stagnation of water above a slowly permeable fragipan and cyclic redox processes are the same. The E and Eg horizons are characterized by the presence of 2:1 clay minerals with likely organic interlayer fillings, dioctahedral mica, kaolinite, and chlorite. Conclusions The results indicate that (1) redox processes occurring in the soils do not affect clay mineral transformation in Retisols of the Carpathian Foothills in Poland and (2) ferrolysis is not the main soil-forming process operating in these soils. This is most likely because ironbearing minerals are not abundant in the Retisols and/or undergo eluviation to the lower part of the soil profiles. The lower content of the clay fraction in the E and Eg horizons versus that in the lower soil horizons of the Retisols is related to clay illuviation (lessivage), and not to clay decomposition due to ferrolysis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Influence of redox processes on clay mineral transformation in Retisols in the Carpathian Foothills in Poland. Is a ferrolysis process present?

Szymański

Skiba

Błachowski³

2016

J Soils Sediments

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Mineralogical differences between seam and prism material in loess‐derived fragipans in western Kentucky

Shepard,

Somerville,

Matocha

et al. 2024

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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Fragipan horizons are common diagnostic subsurface features typically identified by their dense, brittle nature under field conditions. Fragipan horizons are often hypothesized to contain various silicate bonding agents, including phyllosilicates, amorphous aluminosilicates/silica, and silica sorbed to iron oxyhydroxides. However, the association of silica (Si) with other minerals in these horizons remains uncertain. To fill this knowledge gap, we sampled the prism and seam material of four loess‐derived fragipan horizons in western Kentucky. We characterized and compared the clay mineral composition of the prism and seam material using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), selective extractions, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Fragipan prism and seam material exhibited a mixed clay mineralogy comprised of vermiculite, mixed layer minerals (hydroxyl‐interlayered vermiculite), illite, kaolinite, and quartz. We identified goethite in fragipan prisms in much greater quantities when compared to seam material, confirmed by both XRD and DRIFTS and corroborated by higher dithionite‐extractable iron in prisms. DRIFT spectra showed a peak near 3180 cm−1 assigned to OH‐stretching mode of goethite, which was prominent in prism materials. Goethite 110 XRD peak positions were negatively correlated to dithionite‐extractable aluminum (Al) and Si content of the prism material, which may suggest greater Si sorbed to the surfaces of Al‐substituted goethite. These results demonstrate the potential importance of Al‐substituted goethite in fragipan prisms and provide insight about possible associations with Si.

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