Fracture Biomechanics

Markel, Mark D.

doi:10.1002/9781119108757.ch2

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“… 17 When compared with the radius, tibial geometry is less uniform, and geometric irregularities at soft tissue attachments may act as inherent stress risers (Figure 3 ). 13 The collagen fibre orientation in the equine tibia is most consistent with a combination of bending and torsional forces transmitted along the tibial diaphysis, and the consistent location of stress remodelling observed by Samol et al corroborates this hypothesis. 8 , 13 …”

Section: Biomechanicssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…On the other hand, a fatigue fracture forms from repeated applications of load of low magnitude which occurs frequently enough to prevent repair of bone microdamage attributed to significant strain 16 . Fatigue fractures are typically sustained during physical activity that causes muscle fatigue, reducing the muscle's ability to store energy and neutralise the stresses imposed on the bone 13 . In the literature, the terms ‘fatigue fracture’ and ‘stress fracture’ are often used interchangeably and are often implied when describing tibial fractures in racehorses 3 …”

Section: Injury Classification and Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tensile and compressive loads have unique effects on microcrack patterns, and propagation characteristics differ by the type of force 13 . In tensile surface failure, a rapid transverse propagation of fracture is observed, often accompanied by a butterfly fragment if perpendicular impact is the source of tension.…”

Section: Fatigue (‘Stress’) Fracturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equine tibial fractures can be separated into broad aetiological classifications of impact and fatigue (Figure 2 ). 3 , 13 An impact fracture is the result of a single load acting on the bone that exceeds its maximum stress capacity. 14 The most common impact fractures in horses occur as a result of being kicked.…”

Section: Injury Classification and Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 16 Fatigue fractures are typically sustained during physical activity that causes muscle fatigue, reducing the muscle's ability to store energy and neutralise the stresses imposed on the bone. 13 In the literature, the terms ‘fatigue fracture’ and ‘stress fracture’ are often used interchangeably and are often implied when describing tibial fractures in racehorses. 3 …”

Section: Injury Classification and Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of equine tibial fractures

Bowers

Weinhandl

Anderson

2022

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Equine tibial fractures are relatively infrequent in racing and non-racing sport horses, but limitations in successful treatment of tibial fractures in adult horses result in relatively high mortality compared with other musculoskeletal injuries. The aetiology of tibial fracture can be classified into two general categories: traumatic impact or fatigue failure. Tibial stress fractures, also known as fatigue fractures, are often rated as the second most common stress fracture in racing Thoroughbreds; young age, early stage in race training, and initiation of training after a period of rest are the reported risk factors. Both impact and fatigue fracture propagation are dependent on the magnitude of force applied and on the local composition/alignment of mineralised collagen in the tibial lamella. Extensive research has characterised the pattern of strain distribution and stress remodelling within the equine tibia, but in vivo measurement of load and angular moments are currently not feasible. Further research is warranted to correlate biomechanical theory of tibia fatigue fracture propagation with current histopathological data. Preventative measures for fatigue fractures aim to optimise diagnostic efficiency, reduce the interval between injury and diagnosis and modify racing and training conditions to reduce non-specific fracture risk. Treatment options for complete tibial fractures in adult horses are limited, but with careful case selection, successful outcomes have been reported after open reduction and internal fixation. On the other hand, tibial stress fractures and minimally displaced incomplete fractures are typically treated conservatively and have good prognosis for athletic recovery. This review aims to describe the current literature regarding tibial fracture aetiology, prevalence, risk factors, fracture biomechanics, treatment, prognosis and prevention.

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Section: Biomechanicssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Injury Classification and Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fatigue (‘Stress’) Fracturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Injury Classification and Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Injury Classification and Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of equine tibial fractures

Bowers

Weinhandl

Anderson

2022

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Pathophysiology of Fractures

Pye

Stover

2022

Fractures in the Horse

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Ex vivo biomechanical evaluation of tissue construct strength in an equine colopexy model

Gaitan,

Mudge,

Litsky

et al. 2024

Veterinary Surgery

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ObjectiveTo compare strength of left paramedian colopexies using various techniques in equine ex vivo models.Study designExperimental study.Sample populationEquine cadavers euthanized for nongastrointestinal pathology (36 specimens derived from 9 horses).MethodsColopexies were performed after euthanasia. Suture pattern (horizontal mattress vs. cruciate) and incorporation of dorsal sheath of the rectus abdominis (partial‐thickness) versus incorporation of dorsal and ventral sheath of the rectus abdominis (full‐thickness) were evaluated. Single cycle load to failure, work to peak load, stiffness, and mode of failure of colopexy tissue constructs were assessed.ResultsMean load to failure of all constructs ranged from 102.26 to 166.38 N. Partial‐thickness bites demonstrated a mean load to failure and standard deviation (SD) of 111.91 (35.88) N and 102.26 (30.06) N (p < .05) which was significantly lower than the mean and SD of full‐thickness bites (166.3 [72.42] N and 163.21 [51.40 N]), respectively. All full‐thickness bites regardless of suture pattern and over half of partial‐thickness bites failed at the colonic wall. There was no significant difference in load to failure compared to mode of failure.ConclusionA stronger colopexy was achieved with a full‐thickness bite regardless of the suture pattern. The most common mode of failure was the colon wall.Clinical significanceIncorporating ventral and dorsal fascia of the rectus abdominus provided a stronger colopexy structure, which may necessitate a second incision or subcutaneous palpation of the needle when performing a colopexy. The lateral band of the colon failed in most constructs (77%) regardless of technique, which could weaken the colonic wall and risk colonic rupture.

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Fracture Biomechanics

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

A review of equine tibial fractures

A review of equine tibial fractures

Pathophysiology of Fractures

Ex vivo biomechanical evaluation of tissue construct strength in an equine colopexy model

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