Fractionation of technical lignin and its application on the lignin/poly-(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) bio-composites

Sustainable Wood-Based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Biodegradable Composite Films Reinforced by a Rapid Homogeneous Esterification Strategy

“…By contrast, the T m of P 70 / EW120 30 was decreased compared with that of P 70 /WM 30 , indicating the presence of compatibility and interface interaction between EW120 and PBAT. 52 As can be observed in Figure 5C, there was an obvious crystallization peak in the first cooling cycle, and the crystallization proceeded in a narrow temperature range with a maximum temperature of 40.7 °C, which demonstrated that the raw PBAT was easy to crystallize. In the case of P 70 /WM 30 , the crystallization temperature (T c ) was reached at 79.1 °C, and the width of the crystallization peak increased at the same time.…”

“…On the other hand, the melting temperature ( T m ) of P 70 /WM 30 (129.3 °C) had a slight increase compared with PBAT (122.5 °C), due to the addition of high-melting and immiscible WM. By contrast, the T m of P 70 /EW120 30 was decreased compared with that of P 70 /WM 30 , indicating the presence of compatibility and interface interaction between EW120 and PBAT . As can be observed in Figure C, there was an obvious crystallization peak in the first cooling cycle, and the crystallization proceeded in a narrow temperature range with a maximum temperature of 40.7 °C, which demonstrated that the raw PBAT was easy to crystallize.…”

A strong, tough and cost-effective biodegradable PBAT/lignin composite filmviaintrinsic multiple noncovalent interactions

“…Fig. 4E compares the tensile strength and elongation at break of P/EL 50 with those of other PBAT/lignin composite films with a high lignin content (≥30 wt%) in previous publications: CL (Corncob lignin), 20 VL (vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS)-grafted lignin), 22 MSL (methanol soluble lignin), 9 LA (maleic anhydride grafted with sodium lignosulfonate), 19 AL (alkali lignin), 25 OCL (oleoyl chloride lignin), 17 PCL (palmitoyl chloride lignin), 26 ASL (acetone soluble lignin), 28 MEHL (methylated eucalyptus hydrothermal lignin), 18 and EHL (eucalyptus hydrothermal lignin; MAH-g-PBAT was added as a compatibilizer). 18 The composites blended with ASL possessed lower σ T and ε than P/EL 50 with a 50 wt% lignin content.…”

“…Although incorporating technical lignin into PBAT is a win–win strategy (lowering PBAT costs and increasing the value of technical lignin), it has encountered challenges in producing PBAT/lignin composites that meet the demands of practical applications: balancing the mechanical performance of the composites and the lignin content. 4,6,8 According to the previous literature on PBAT/lignin composites, 9–28 the lignin contents range from 0.5 wt% to 60 wt%, when the addition quantity is modest, the addition of lignin has no impact on the mechanical strength of the polymer matrix, and can even enhance it. Unfortunately, the mechanical performance of lignin-based composites diminishes progressively as the lignin content increases, and these phenomena are aggravated when the lignin loading is over 40 wt%.…”

In situ growth of lignin-based graphene-like films catalyzed by metal substrates

“…About 13.3% of the mass was lost in the range of 550 °C to 800 °C, and the carbon structure was further carbonized and graphitized at a higher temperature. 40–42…”