Fractionating Executive Functions of Adults With ADHD

Bueno, Valquíria; Silva, Maria Aparecida da; Alves, Tânia Maria; Louzã, Mário Rodrigues; Pompéia, Sabine

doi:10.1177/1087054714545537

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(152 reference statements)

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“…According to previous literature, inhibitory control (Best et al ), working memory (Willcutt et al ) and shifting (Bueno et al ) were thought to be potential endophenotypes for ADHD and showed significant deficits in ADHD children. In this study, we conducted Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT), trail making test (TMT) and Stroop color and word test on subjects to examine working memory, shifting and inhibition separately.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In addition to core symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity), ADHD also displays deficits of executive function (EF) (Barkley ; Lin et al ) which are thought to be endophenotypes for ADHD (Gau & Huang ). Those endophenotypes mainly encompass inhibitory control (Best et al ), working memory (Willcutt et al ) and shifting (Bueno et al ). The EF has been studied in many genetic studies to explore its associated genetic variants.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The divergent impact of COMTVal158Met on executive function in children with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Jin

Liu

Gao

et al. 2016

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) usually display deficits in executive function (EF), which are primarily mediated by prefrontal cortex (PFC). The functional polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), Val158Met (rs4680), leads to observed polymorphic differences in the degradation of dopamine within PFC. This study aimed to explore the effect of rs4680 on EF using case-control design. In addition, considering the dynamic development of EF, we also attempted to investigate whether this genetic influence changes during development or not. A total of 597 ADHD children and 154 unaffected controls were recruited. The EF was evaluated using Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT), trail making test (TMT) and Stroop color and word test for working memory, shifting and inhibition. Association between genotype and EF was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ancova). The results showed significant interaction effect of genotype and ADHD diagnosis on RCFT performance (P < 0.001). However, the associated genotypes between ADHD and controls were divergent. In ADHD, the Met carriers performed better than the Val homozygotes on detail immediate [(10.38 ± 6.90) vs. (9.33 ± 6.92), P = 0.007] and detail delay [(9.96 ± 6.86) vs. (8.86 ± 6.89), P = 0.004], while Val homozygotes showed better performance compared with Met carrier controls [for detail immediate (14.55 ± 6.18) vs. (11.10 ± 6.45), P<0.001; for detail delay (14.31 ± 5.96) vs. (11.31 ± 6.96), P = 0.001]. We did not find significant interaction between genetic variant and development. COMT Val158Met (rs4680) may have divergent effect on working memory in ADHD children compared with healthy controls.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The divergent impact of COMTVal158Met on executive function in children with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Jin

Liu

Gao

et al. 2016

Genes Brain and Behavior

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“…These patients exhibit reduced ability to inhibit prepotent responses, and they also show a slowing of psychomotor function in an attempt to compensate for inhibitory deficits by slowing reaction times to better inhibit reflexive responses (Mosconi et al, 2009; Bueno et al, 2014; Schmitt et al, 2014; Petrovic and Castellanos, 2016). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Saccade Intrusions Affect Subsequent Motor and Oculomotor Actions

et al. 2017

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In daily activities, there is a close spatial and temporal coupling between eye and hand movements that enables human beings to perform actions smoothly and accurately. If this coupling is disrupted by inadvertent saccade intrusions, subsequent motor actions suffer from delays, and lack of coordination. To examine how saccade intrusions affect subsequent voluntary actions, we used two tasks that require subjects to make motor/oculomotor actions in response to a visual cue. One was the memory guided saccade (MGS) task, and the other the hand reaction time (RT) task. The MGS task required subjects to initiate a voluntary saccade to a memorized target location, which is indicated shortly before by a briefly presented cue. The RT task required subjects to release a button on detection of a visual target, while foveating on a central fixation point. In normal subjects of various ages, inadvertent saccade intrusions delayed subsequent voluntary motor, and oculomotor actions. We also studied patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), who are impaired not only in initiating voluntary saccades but also in suppressing unwanted reflexive saccades. Saccade intrusions also delayed hand RT in PD patients. However, MGS was affected by the saccade intrusion differently. Saccade intrusion did not delay MGS latency in PD patients who could perform MGS with a relatively normal latency. In contrast, in PD patients who were unable to initiate MGS within the normal time range, we observed slightly decreased MGS latency after saccade intrusions. What explains this paradoxical phenomenon? It is known that motor actions slow down when switching between controlled and automatic behavior. We discuss how the effect of saccade intrusions on subsequent voluntary motor/oculomotor actions may reflect a similar switching cost between automatic and controlled behavior and a cost for switching between different motor effectors. In contrast, PD patients were unable to initiate internally guided MGS in the absence of visual target and could perform only automatic visually guided saccades, and did not have to switch between automatic and controlled behavior. This lack of switching may explain the shortening of MGS latency by the saccade intrusion in PD patients.

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“…>25 s and 30 s, respectively) and the mean for color-form naming in the atypical range (i.e. >70 s/þ 2 SD) ( Table 2), compared to norms for the age range [17,18]. After methylphenidate medication, the means for color and form approached the normal range (i.e.…”

Section: Respondersmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Shift cost [Overhead ¼ Color-Form À (Color þ Form)] reflects processing efficiency. Neuroimaging (rCBF and fMRI) revealed bilateral activation in the posterior temporal-parietal cortical and subcortical regions associated with attention, working memory, and set shifting and concurrent reduction of orbitalfrontal cortical activation [13][14][15][16][17][18]. AQT has been norm-referenced for ages 15-85, has high test-retest reliability (0.91-0.95), and shows minimal change with age (about 1 s per decade) and minimal or no evidence of learning with repeated administrations [11,12,[19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylphenidate effects on processing speed in a clinical sample of adults with ADHD and substance use disorder: a pilot study

Arvidsson

Franck

Wiig³

et al. 2019

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry

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Background: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are common comorbidities of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The most commonly prescribed medication for ADHD is methylphenidate. The clinical response to methylphenidate may be monitored against DSM-5 symptomatology, rating scales or interviews. Aims: To evaluate the use of perceptual and cognitive processing speed measures to monitor methylphenidate effects in adults with ADHD and SUD. Methods: A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT) monitored perceptual and cognitive processing speed in 28 adults with ADHD and SUD on treatment with methylphenidate before and after the morning dose. Results: Twenty-six patients responded on AQT after the morning dose of methylphenidate. One-way ANOVA indicated significant treatment effects for color, form, and color-form combination naming, but not for shift cost values. Before the morning dose of methylphenidate, 92% were identified by cutoff time criteria for longer-than-normal processing times. After the morning dose of methylphenidate, 65% obtained color and form measures in the normal range for age peers. Only 35% obtained colorform processing measures in the normal range. Inter-individual response variability before medication intake was considerably larger than previously reported in studies of adults with ADHD only. Conclusion: Proportionally, fewer adults with ADHD and SUD exhibited normalization of processing speed than previously observed for adults with ADHD without SUD. A potential clinical implication of the present study is that the AQT test may be used as a tool for dose-adjustment of central stimulants in the treatment of adults with ADHD and SUD.

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Fractionating Executive Functions of Adults With ADHD

Abstract: ADHD in adults selectively impaired executive shifting and access to long-term memory, domains that may alter performance in a wide range of daily tasks.

Cited by 18 publications

References 81 publications

The divergent impact of COMTVal158Met on executive function in children with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The divergent impact of COMTVal158Met on executive function in children with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

How Saccade Intrusions Affect Subsequent Motor and Oculomotor Actions

Methylphenidate effects on processing speed in a clinical sample of adults with ADHD and substance use disorder: a pilot study

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