Fractional iron solubility of atmospheric iron inputs to the Southern Ocean

Winton, V. Holly L.; Edwards, Ross; Keywood, Melita; Townsend, Ashley T.; Merwe, Pier van der; Bollhöfer, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.006

Cited by 45 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…ATARS provides an ideal location to further investigate BB-derived fractional iron solubility at the source. The results from this study can be found in Winton et al (2016) and show that soluble iron concentrations from BB sources are significantly higher than those observed in Southern Ocean baseline air masses from the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Tasmania, Australia (Winton et al, 2015). Aerosol iron at SAFIRED was a mixture of fresh BB, mineral dust, sea spray and industrial pollution sources.…”

Section: Biomass Burning Aerosol Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 57%

Biomass burning emissions in north Australia during the early dry season: an overview of the 2014 SAFIRED campaign

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The SAFIRED (Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season) campaign took place from 29 May until 30 June 2014 at the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS) in the Northern Territory, Australia. The purpose of this campaign was to investigate emissions from fires in the early dry season in northern Australia. Measurements were made of biomass burning aerosols, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic carbons, greenhouse gases, radon, speciated atmospheric mercury and trace metals. Aspects of the biomass burning aerosol emissions investigated included; emission factors of various species, physical and chemical aerosol properties, aerosol aging, micronutrient supply to the ocean, nucleation, and aerosol water uptake. Over the course of the month-long campaign, biomass burning signals were prevalent and emissions from several large single burning events were observed at ATARS.Biomass burning emissions dominated the gas and aerosol concentrations in this region. Dry season fires are extremely frequent and widespread across the northern region of Australia, which suggests that the measured aerosol and gaseous emissions at ATARS are likely representative of signals across the entire region of north Australia. Air mass forward trajectories show that these biomass burning emissions are carried north-west over the Timor Sea and could influence the atmosphere over Indonesia and the tropical atmosphere over the Indian Ocean. Here we present characteristics of the biomass burning observed at the sampling site and provide an overview of the more specific outcomes of the SAFIRED campaign.

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Section: Biomass Burning Aerosol Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 57%

Biomass burning emissions in north Australia during the early dry season: an overview of the 2014 SAFIRED campaign

et al. 2017

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“…Although in the literature there are recent estimates of trace metals solubility from dust (e.g., Chance et al, ; López‐García et al, ; Mackey et al, ; Ravelo‐Pérez et al, ; Winton et al, ), solubility percentages are usually as variable as reported values of atmospheric dust deposition in the ocean. The reasons for such variability include the origin, load, and geochemical characteristics of dust (Baker et al, ; Jickells et al, ; Sholkovitz et al, ) as well as a lack of consensus among the methodologies used for its estimation (Meskhidze et al, ; Raiswell et al, ; Schulz et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Inputs of Iron and Manganese to Coastal Waters of the Southern California Current System: Seasonality, Santa Ana Winds, and Biogeochemical Implications

et al. 2017

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The magnitude and temporal variability of mineral dust deposition and its associated Fe and Mn inputs to coastal waters of the California Current System (CCS) has been scarcely investigated. Here we report a 5 year time series (April 2010 to December 2014) of mineral dust (Fdust), Fe (FFe), and Mn (FMn) fluxes to the coastal zone of the southern CCS. Atmospheric deposition displayed a strong seasonal trend, with lowest Fdust, FFe, and FMn during the warm season (May–October), a period dominated by strong moisture‐laden winds of oceanic origin. In contrast, the highest Fdust, FFe, and FMn were recorded during the cool season (November–April), a period characterized by strong winds devoid of moisture coming from the mainland. Our analysis suggests that Santa Ana Wind events could contribute with ∼15%, 20%, and 24%, respectively, to the total annual input of dust, Fe and Mn to the region. Besides, atmospheric soluble Fe inputs are equivalent to between 11% (warm season) and 35% (cool season) of the dissolved Fe supplied by upwelling. Our calculations indicate that atmospheric Fe deposition could explain between ∼5% (warm season) and 15% (cool season) of primary production reported for the southern CCS, suggesting that this route could also be an important input of Fe for primary producers in this region. Finally, the average Fdust, FFe, and FMn for the cool seasons showed a positive interannual trend that was significantly correlated with an intensification of drought conditions over the period 2010–2014 in northwest of Mexico and southwest of the United States.

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“…Human activity on this scale increases dust emissions in many environments (Brown et al, ; Ginoux et al, ; McConnell et al, ; Mulitza et al, ; Neff et al, ; Stanelle et al, ), and thus iron emissions, as mineral dust contains ~3.5% iron by mass (Jickells et al, ; Shi et al, ). While dust is the dominant (>90%) source of total aerosol bearing iron to the open ocean (Mahowald et al, ), a secondary source of iron comes from pyrogenic sources, including vegetation fires (Guieu et al, ; Ito, ; Paris et al, ; Winton et al, ), industrial and domestic combustion (Chen et al, ; Chuang et al, ; Luo et al, ; Myriokefalitakis et al, ), and shipping emissions (Ito, ). However, significant differences exist in the particle size distribution and oxidation state of iron between dust and pyrogenic sources, and thus the soluble iron fraction also differs (i.e., the ratio of water leachable iron to total iron, often considered the bioavailable fraction) (Baker & Croot, ; Schroth et al, ; Shi et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Changes to the Atmospheric Soluble Iron Deposition Flux on Ocean Biogeochemical Cycles in the Anthropocene

Hamilton

Moore

Arneth

et al. 2020

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Iron can be a growth‐limiting nutrient for phytoplankton, modifying rates of net primary production, nitrogen fixation, and carbon export ‐ highlighting the importance of new iron inputs from the atmosphere. The bioavailable iron fraction depends on the emission source and the dissolution during transport. The impacts of anthropogenic combustion and land use change on emissions from industrial, domestic, shipping, desert, and wildfire sources suggest that Northern Hemisphere soluble iron deposition has likely been enhanced between 2% and 68% over the Industrial Era. If policy and climate follow the intermediate Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 trajectory, then results suggest that Southern Ocean (>30°S) soluble iron deposition would be enhanced between 63% and 95% by 2100. Marine net primary productivity and carbon export within the open ocean are most sensitive to changes in soluble iron deposition in the Southern Hemisphere; this is predominantly driven by fire rather than dust iron sources. Changes in iron deposition cause large perturbations to the marine nitrogen cycle, up to 70% increase in denitrification and 15% increase in nitrogen fixation, but only modestly impacts the carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 concentrations (1–3 ppm). Regionally, primary productivity increases due to increased iron deposition are often compensated by offsetting decreases downstream corresponding to equivalent changes in the rate of phytoplankton macronutrient uptake, particularly in the equatorial Pacific. These effects are weaker in the Southern Ocean, suggesting that changes in iron deposition in this region dominates the global carbon cycle and climate response.

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Fractional iron solubility of atmospheric iron inputs to the Southern Ocean

Cited by 45 publications

References 109 publications

Biomass burning emissions in north Australia during the early dry season: an overview of the 2014 SAFIRED campaign

Biomass burning emissions in north Australia during the early dry season: an overview of the 2014 SAFIRED campaign

Atmospheric Inputs of Iron and Manganese to Coastal Waters of the Southern California Current System: Seasonality, Santa Ana Winds, and Biogeochemical Implications

Impact of Changes to the Atmospheric Soluble Iron Deposition Flux on Ocean Biogeochemical Cycles in the Anthropocene

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