Fracking

Holloway, Michael D.; Rudd, Oliver

doi:10.1002/9781118747926

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…2c shows the high-resolution XPS N 1s spectra. Peaks centered 398.1 eV and 398.5 eV can be assigned to pyridinic-type N (a N atom that replaces a C atom in a hexagon) [28]. The peak at 399.2 eV is SEM and TEM images of the sample are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the modified separator, the battery achieved a discharge capacity as high as 942 mAh g -1 for the first cycle and remained at 90.02 mAh g -1 after the 100th charge/discharge test at 0.1 C. Results indicate that impeding the shuttling of polysulfides contributes to efficiently improving the behavior of the Li/S battery. 4 of 9 associated with ionized pyridine N [28]. Peaks at 399.9 eV and 400.6 eV correspond to pyrrolic N (a nitrogen atom in a five-membered ring).…”

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confidence: 99%

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ZnO Nanoparticles Anchored on a N-Doped Graphene-Coated Separator for a High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Battery

Wang¹,

Gao²,

Ma³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Fabrication of a nanocrystal zinc oxide (ZnO)/nitrogen-doped (N-doped) graphene composite using a novel and facile in situ sol-gel technique is demonstrated. Two-dimensional nanostructure morphology with uniform ZnO nanoparticles (average diameter of 10.25 nm) anchored on N-doped graphene nanosheets was observed via electron microscopy. Because of the polar heteroatoms on the graphene sheets, an abundance sites for polysulfide absorption were provided. More importantly, the strong chemical interaction between ZnO and polysulfides efficiently hindered the transport of polysulfides. Consequently, the lithium/sulfur (Li/S) battery with the ZnO/N-doped graphene composite-coated separator delivered enhanced performance in terms of discharge capacity and cycling stability when compared to the cell with a normal separator. With the modified separator, the battery achieved a discharge capacity as high as 942 mAh g -1 for the first cycle and remained at 90.02 mAh g -1 after the 100th charge/discharge test at 0.1 C. Results indicate that impeding the shuttling of polysulfides contributes to efficiently improving the behavior of the Li/S battery. 4 of 9 associated with ionized pyridine N [28]. Peaks at 399.9 eV and 400.6 eV correspond to pyrrolic N (a nitrogen atom in a five-membered ring). The peak at 401.1 eV is attributed to graphitic N. From the Zn 2p spectrum (Fig. 2d), the peak with binding energy at 1021.9 eV is assigned to ZnO 2p 3/2, and peaks at 1044.7 eV and 1045.5 eV are indexed to ZnO 2p 1/2. All of these results indicate that the 2D ZnO/NDG composite interaction architecture was successfully fabricated using the simple in situ sol-gel technique. Interestingly, when comparing Fig. 2d with Fig. 2e, it can be seen that the peak at 1021.9 eV (ZnO 2p 3/2) before cycling was split into two peaks at 1021.9 eV (ZnSO4 2p 3/2) and 1022.0 eV (ZnS 2p 3/2) after cycling; this confirms the chemical interaction between ZnO and LiPs. Peaks located at 1044.7 eV and 1045.5 eV before cycling were negatively shifted to 1044.7 eV and 1045.5 eV, respectively, after cycling, and this corresponds to the absorption of sulfur-related species by the Zn-O bonding. In the S 2p spectrum after cycling (Fig. 2f), the peak centered at 168.3 eV can be assigned to sulfate, and the peaks at 169.0 eV, 169.9 eV, and 170.7 eV are related to metal-SO4 2species, which is in good accordance with the results of the Zn 2p spectrum after cycling.Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted:

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

ZnO Nanoparticles Anchored on a N-Doped Graphene-Coated Separator for a High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Battery

Wang¹,

Gao²,

Ma³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…The studies related to the different aspects of hydraulic fracturing in gas hydrate sediment are in their initial stages, and a brief overview is discussed hereafter. Fracking fluid is a composition of parent fluid (water) mixed with additives such as gelling agents, cross-linking agents, acid, corrosion inhibitors, friction reducers, biocides, breakers, surfactants, scale inhibitors, iron controllers, oxygen scavengers, and supporting chemicals that aid in performance of sediment fracturing and hydrocarbon production . A feasibility evaluation study proposes that sediment properties such as high brittleness index, high mineral composition index, higher hydrate saturation, and large stress anisotropy are considered favorable attributes to artificially fracture a hydrate bearing sediment .…”

Section: Progress In Modeling and Distinct Studies On The Gas Exchang...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conventional fracking fluid is composed of approximately 89 to 90% water, 9.5 to 10% proppant materials, and 0.5 to 1.5% chemicals. This composition varies according to the specific requirements of each location . Fracturing at the stages of the completion process can improve the surface area of control inside the sediment which can effectively be used for improved rate of hydrate dissociation and exchange gas injection.…”

Section: Progress In Modeling and Distinct Studies On The Gas Exchang...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and Perspectives of Energy-Efficient Methane Production from Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoirs Using Carbon Dioxide Exchange Technology

et al. 2023

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Natural gas hydrates are unconventional abundant hydrocarbon energy resources that can guarantee energy sustainability with little environmental impact. The solid nature of the resource, distinct thermodynamic characteristics, and accumulations at shallow depths make the existing conventional production techniques unviable. Among all the currently explored production techniques, the hydrate-based carbon capture and sequestration (HBCCS) technique is expected to improve production, proven to be geomechanically safer, and conceptualized to be environmentally friendly. In this carbon-neutral production concept, carbon emissions are effectively sequestered for the long-term. This review presents a comprehensive overview and perspective of the CO 2 exchange-based approach to extract methane (CH 4 ) from naturally occurring gas hydrate reserves, emphasizes its prospect as a suitable alternative according to the current energy demands and climate concerns, establishes its environmental and production challenges, and demonstrates the recent developments. This review focuses on the production aspect and discusses the mechanism of the exchange process, experimental and modeling studies, various in situ production tests using different techniques on multiple sediments, and production challenges associated with the exchange process. The aspects of geomechanics and possibilities of fracturing in hydrate reservoirs are also discussed elaborately. A suitable and effective technique is yet to be established to produce natural gas commercially by addressing the existing challenges like sand production, seafloor stability concerns, marine ecosystem problems, low production rate, uncontrolled dissociation, water production, etc. Although the CO 2 exchange-based method is thermodynamically favorable, rapid crystallization of CO 2 restricts mass transfer and prevents continuous exchange. The exchange process is also influenced by heat, salinity, residual water saturation, exchange gas composition, injection phase, injection pressure, sediment properties, etc. There is a need to study the CO 2 −CH 4 exchange process at a fundamental level and at a larger scale, to understand its intricacies. In tandem with comprehensively discussing the subject, this review has listed the issues that require tenable solutions, which shall be helpful to readers who wish to work on production from CH 4 hydrates using the CO 2 exchange process. Methane hydrates shall be one of the strategic energy sources to meet our growing energy requirements for a sustainable future.

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Hydraulic Fracturing

Valkó

2014

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Hydraulic fracturing is a well completion/stimulation technique that became the focus of attention because of its significance in the exploitation of unconventional oil and gas reserves. This article starts with a brief history of the operation, followed by a discussion of its unique role in productivity enhancement. Following the overview of materials, equipment, and procedures involved, a review of the diagnostics and other evaluation methods, as well as an outline of the current modeling efforts, will be discussed. One section provides a glimpse into the newest trends in completion hardware, highlighting multistage fracture treatment systems developed for long horizontal wells. In the last section, the commercial and environmental impacts of the technology are considered. The article concludes that hydraulic fracturing has substantially widened the spectrum of choices communities face in arbitrating among potential energy supply options, and hence, it will continue flourishing in the long term.

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Fracking

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

ZnO Nanoparticles Anchored on a N-Doped Graphene-Coated Separator for a High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Battery

ZnO Nanoparticles Anchored on a N-Doped Graphene-Coated Separator for a High Performance Lithium/Sulfur Battery

Review and Perspectives of Energy-Efficient Methane Production from Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoirs Using Carbon Dioxide Exchange Technology

Hydraulic Fracturing

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