“…Most existing categorical data oriented methods are based on a general assumption that anomalies lie in regions of low frequency (Akoglu et al, 2012;Ghoting, Otey, & Parthasarathy, 2004;He et al, 2005;Koufakou, Ortiz, Georgiopoulos, Anagnostopoulos, & Reynolds, 2007;Koufakou & Georgiopoulos, 2010;Smets & Vreeken, 2011;He, Deng, Xu, & Huang, 2006). Typical examples are frequent patterns based methods FPOF (He et al, 2005) and infrequent patterns based methods LOADED (Ghoting et al, 2004). FPOF and LOADED build a single model on the entire training set, and identify anomalies based on frequent patterns and infrequent patterns, respectively.…”