Foxtail Millet: A Sequence-Driven Grass Model System

Doust, Andrew N.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Devos, Katrien M.; Bennetzen, Jeffrey L.

doi:10.1104/pp.108.129627

Cited by 313 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…S. viridis (green millet) is closely related to pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and is likely the weedy relative of the domesticated foxtail millet (Dekker, 2003). As recently discussed, the crop S. italica offers a number of advantages as a model for bioenergy grasses (Doust et al, 2009), but as a model for forward and reverse genetics, S. viridis has some distinct advantages. Perhaps most importantly, S. viridis is significantly shorter than most S. italica accessions (see Supplemental Figure 1 online).…”

Section: Setaria Viridis: Redefining the Model Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis

et al. 2010

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C 4 photosynthesis drives productivity in several major food crops and bioenergy grasses, including maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Miscanthus x giganteus, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Gains in productivity associated with C 4 photosynthesis include improved water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Thus, engineering C 4 traits into C 3 crops is an attractive target for crop improvement. However, the lack of a small, rapid cycling genetic model system to study C 4 photosynthesis has limited progress in dissecting the regulatory networks underlying the C 4 syndrome. Setaria viridis is a member of the Panicoideae clade and is a close relative of several major feed, fuel, and bioenergy grasses. It is a true diploid with a relatively small genome of ;510 Mb. Its short stature, simple growth requirements, and rapid life cycle will greatly facilitate genetic studies of the C 4 grasses. Importantly, S. viridis uses an NADP-malic enzyme subtype C 4 photosynthetic system to fix carbon and therefore is a potentially powerful model system for dissecting C 4 photosynthesis. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances that promise greatly to accelerate the use of S. viridis as a genetic system. These include our recent successful efforts at regenerating plants from seed callus, establishing a transient transformation system, and developing stable transformation. Why Study C 4 ?C 4 photosynthesis is the primary mode of carbon capture for some of the world's most important food, feed, and fuel crops, including maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), millets (e.g. Panicum miliaceum, Pennisetum glaucum, and Setaria italica), Miscanthus x giganteus, and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). In contrast with C 3 plants, C 4 plants first fix CO 2 into a C 4 acid before delivering the CO 2 to the Calvin cycle (Hatch and Slack, 1966;Hatch, 1971). For example, in maize and sorghum leaves, CO 2 entering mesophyll (M) cells is first fixed into oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to malate in the M chloroplasts. The malate then diffuses into the inner bundle sheath (BS) cells and is transported into the BS chloroplast. There, malate is decarboxylated by NADP-malic enzyme, releasing CO 2 close to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). This carbon shuttle greatly lowers rates of photorespiration as Rubisco is both isolated from the site of O 2 evolution (oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II) and also maintained in a CO 2 -rich environment. Indeed, in mature maize or sorghum leaves, rates of photorespiration are at the limits of detection under conditions where C 3 plants lose up to 30% of their photosynthetic capacity due to photorespiration (Zhu et al., 2008).

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Section: Setaria Viridis: Redefining the Model Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis

et al. 2010

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“…Foxtail millet is closely related to several biofuel grasses with complex genomes, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Of these related species, foxtail millet is the most suitable plant for whole genome sequencing and analysis owing to its small genome (~490 Mb) 2 , self-pollination, rich genetic diversity (~6,000 varieties) 3,4 , the existence of a complete collection of germplasm and the availability of high-throughput transformation platforms 2 .…”

Section: A R T I C L E Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequence of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) provides insights into grass evolution and biofuel potential

et al. 2012

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“…org/cvalues/), diploid nature (2n = 18), and short life cycle, S. viridis and its domesticated form, S. italica, have become important models to study the genetics of the biofuel crop switchgrass and for C 4 photosynthesis (Brutnell et al 2010;Doust et al 2009;Li and Brutnell 2011). The genome of S. italica has been sequenced and assembled into 9 pseudomolecules, corresponding to the 9 chromosomes, and covers *80 % of the genome and more than 95 % of the gene space (Bennetzen et al 2012;Zhang et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and origin of North American green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] accessions

Schröder

Bahri²,

Eudy

et al. 2016

Genet Resour Crop Evol

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Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. and its domesticated form, S. italica (L.) P. Beauv., have been developed over the past few years as model systems for C 4 photosynthesis and for the analysis of bioenergy traits. S. viridis is native to Eurasia, but is now a ubiquitous weed. An analysis of the population structure of a set of 232 S. viridis lines, mostly from North America but also comprising some accessions from around the world, using 11 SSR markers, showed that S. viridis populations in the US largely separate by latitude and/or climatic zone. S. viridis populations from the Northern US and Canada (north of 44°N) group with accessions from Western Europe, while populations in the Mid and Southern US predominantly group with accessions from Turkey and Iran. We hypothesize that S. viridis in the US was most likely introduced from Europe, and that introductions were competitive only in regions that had climatic conditions that were similar to those in the regions of origins. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that Canadian S. viridis lines were fast cycling and undersized when grown in the Mid-Western and Southern US compared to their morphology in their native environment. A comparison of the population structure obtained with 11 SSR markers and *40,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a common set of S. viridis germplasm showed that both methods essentially yielded the same groupings, although admixture was identified at a higher frequency in the SNP analysis. Small numbers of SSR markers can thus 123Genet Resour Crop Evol (2017) 64:367-378 DOI 10.1007 be used effectively to discern the population structure in this inbreeding species.

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Foxtail Millet: A Sequence-Driven Grass Model System

Cited by 313 publications

References 37 publications

Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis

Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis

Genome sequence of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) provides insights into grass evolution and biofuel potential

Genetic diversity and origin of North American green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] accessions

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