FOXP3 Expression in Hepatitis C Virus–Specific CD4+ T Cells During Acute Hepatitis C

Heeg, Malte; Ulsenheimer, Axel; Grüner, N.; Zachoval, Reinhart; Jung, Maria–Christina; Gerlach, J. Tilman; Raziorrouh, Bijan; Schraut, W.; Horster, Sophia; Kauke, Teresa; Spannagl, Michael; Diepolder, Helmut M.

doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.059

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Delayed T cell responses during acute HCV infection may allow the virus more time to mutate and thus easily escape from the neutralizing activity of HCV E1-and E2-specific antibodies and from T cell recognition. In addition, the number of T reg cells tends to increase during acute HCV infection [98][99][100] , whereas these cells decrease during acute HAV infection 109 , which indicates that the larger T reg cell popu lation might contribute to the suppression of HCV-specific T cells in acute HCV infection. In summary, the characteristic immune responses that are elicited by HCV may explain why HCV infection often progresses to chronic persistent infection.…”

Section: Chronic Hepatitis Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis

2016

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are responsible for most cases of viral hepatitis. Infection by each type of virus results in a different typical natural disease course and clinical outcome that are determined by virological and immunological factors. HCV tends to establish a chronic persistent infection, whereas HAV does not. HBV is effectively controlled in adults, although it persists for a lifetime after neonatal infection. In this Review, we discuss the similarities and differences in immune responses to and immunopathogenesis of HAV, HBV and HCV infections, which may explain the distinct courses and outcomes of each hepatitis virus infection.

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Section: Chronic Hepatitis Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…During acute HCV infection, the frequency of CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (T reg cells) in the blood tends to transiently increase [98][99][100] , although this occurs irrespective of the outcome of the infection 99 • Proliferation: low • Cytokine production: low …”

Section: Acute Hcv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis

2016

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“…Several groups reported similar results [46][47][48][49][50][51]. Heeg [52] recently reported that HCV-specific FoxP3?CD4? cells were increased in the peripheral blood during acute HCV infection as well.…”

Section: Regulatory T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Different aspects of CD4 T cells that lead to viral clearance or persistence of HCV infection

Sugimoto

Shiraki

2011

Hepatol Int

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More than 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). A characteristic of this virus is a high tendency toward chronic infection. Several factors affect the viral outcome after infection. Among them, HCV-specific CD4 T cells are thought to play a crucial role in controlling viremia. Cumulative data showed that spontaneously resolved individuals have vigorous CD4 T-cell responses to a broad spectrum of HCV antigens and maintain these responses over a long period of time, whereas chronically infected patients lose their CD4 T-cell responses in the acute phase of infection. Although several possibilities of why CD4 T cells lose their function have been proposed, the mechanisms are not completely understood. Moreover, there is another subset of CD4 T cells called regulatory T cells (Tregs). These cells suppress immune reaction of T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells, and are thought to protect organs from immune overreaction and autoimmunity. An increasing amount of data supports the possibility that Tregs participate in the mechanism of HCV persistence. It is obvious that CD4 T cells are the main effectors controlling HCV outcome. To achieve a better prognosis, we need to understand the mechanism of how HCV earns its chronicity by escaping from host cellular immune attacks. In this review, we will focus on the role of HCV-specific T cells in controlling viremia, particularly the aspects of these cells being either inhibitors or propellers of chronic infection.

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“…Treg cells are induced and proliferate in response to HCV and seem to modulate liver inflammation in the course of chronic infection [77,78]. Therefore, the model of HCV infection supports the idea that Treg cells participate in the establishment of a fine equilibrium between immunopathology and immune protection, ultimately resulting in the long-lasting survival of the host during chronic infections [69,70,[79][80][81][82][83] (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Cd25 + Foxp3 + Treg Cellsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Hepatitis C virus infection: A “liaison a trois” amongst the virus, the host, and chronic low-level inflammation for human survival

Barnaba

2010

Journal of Hepatology

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This review covers the various aspects of the immune system that allows the relationship between the hepatitis-C virus, the host and chronic low-level inflammation, to be highly flexible and able to defend the host from persistent infections. This ambiguity mainly stems from the property of the immune system that can be both protective and harmful. Immunity cannot be fully protective without producing a certain degree of damage (acute hepatitis resulting in resolving HCV infection). In addition, the balance between protection and tissue damage is critical for the development of chronic HCV infection. The establishment of a state of chronic low-level inflammation is instrumental to limit liver immunopathology, to limit viral spread, and ultimately to ensure a long-lasting survival of the host. It is dictated by a fine equilibrium maintained by multiple immunologic mechanisms, including: sensory perception of innate immunity, virus-specific T and B cell functions, control of immune responses, and finally the balance between immunity and immunopathology that has principally evolved to favor the survival of the species.

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FOXP3 Expression in Hepatitis C Virus–Specific CD4+ T Cells During Acute Hepatitis C

Cited by 32 publications

References 30 publications

Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis

Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis

Different aspects of CD4 T cells that lead to viral clearance or persistence of HCV infection

Hepatitis C virus infection: A “liaison a trois” amongst the virus, the host, and chronic low-level inflammation for human survival

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