Fowl typhoid in caged layer birds

Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum: addressing fundamental questions in bacteriology sixty years on from the 9R vaccine

“…In highly developed poultry industries Fowl Typhoid and Pullorum Disease have largely been eradicated by control programmes implemented in the 1950s and 1960s. However occasional outbreaks of Fowl Typhoid, as seen in the UK in 2005 and 2012, may still occur (Cobb et al, 2005;Parmar & Davies, 2007). Eradication of Fowl Typhoid and Pullorum Disease diverted much avian Salmonella research in Europe and North America away from S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum towards studies that centred on the public health importance of the chicken as a major reservoir of foodborne zoonotic infection through contaminated eggs and poultry meat.…”

JMM Profile: Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum, biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum

“…FT affects birds of any age and can substantially impact any flock, with progressive losses potentially destroying a large proportion of birds. Larger flocks are susceptible to major loss, with culling of clinically affected individuals typically not arresting the disease [5,42]. Dead birds appear to be a key source of SG infection [18], whilst the spread, amplification and carryover of SG between flocks may also be facilitated by the poultry red mite [14].…”

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Salmonella infection in poultry with serotypes of animal health relevance (S. Pullorum, S. Gallinarum and S. arizonae)

“…Among turkeys, initial losses may extend over 2–3 weeks and there may be intermittent recurrence (Hafez, ). Disease may occur at and shortly after hatching, or acute and subacute disease can be seen among older animals, with carryover between flocks after repopulation (Cobb et al., ; Ivanics et al., ). Thus, transmission between animals occurs, by direct and indirect routes.…”

“…Poults showing signs from around day five may show laboured breathing, greenish diarrhoea, increased thirst, anorexia, somnolence and retarded growth (Hafez, ). In older birds, disease severity will vary but may include decreased feed consumption, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea and decreases in egg production, fertility and hatchability (Cobb et al., ; Shivaprasad and Barrow, ). Mortality may occur without other obvious signs, and over short (days) or long (months) timescales (Cobb et al., ; Parmar and Davies, ; Ivanics et al., ).…”