Fourth‐generation glucose sensors composed of copper nanostructures for diabetes management: A critical review

Abstract

More than five decades have been invested in understanding glucose biosensors. Yet, this immensely versatile field has continued to gain attention from the scientific world to better understand and diagnose diabetes. However, such extensive work done to improve glucose sensing devices has still not yielded desirable results. Drawbacks like the necessity of the invasive finger pricking step and the lack of optimization of diagnostic interventions still need to be considered to improve the testing process of diabetic patients. To upgrade the glucose-sensing devices and reduce the number of intermediary steps during glucose measurement, fourth-generation glucose sensors (FGGS) have been introduced. These sensors, made using robust electrocatalytic copper nanostructures, improve diagnostic efficiency and costeffectiveness. This review aims to present the essential scientific progress in copper nanostructure-based FGGS in the past ten years (2010 -present). After a short introduction, we presented the working principles of these sensors. We then highlighted the importance of copper nanostructures as advanced electrode materials to develop reliable real-time FGGS. Finally, we cover the advantages, shortcomings, and prospects for developing highly sensitive, stable, and specific FGGS.

Electrospun nanofiber-based glucose sensors for glucose detection

“…The principle of the non-enzymatic glucose sensor is that it causes glucose oxidation directly on the electrode’s surface in the absence of other mediators and enzyme ( Gonzales et al, 2019 ; Kim J et al, 2019b ) ( Figure 1B ). Selectivity is important in the analytical characteristics of the glucose sensors, and therefore improving the anti-interference ability of these sensors is critical ( Naikoo et al, 2022 ). Glucose sensors can suffer from interference from substances that may electrochemically react at the sensor’s working electrodes, and the generator of the reaction can give interference detection results ( Dhara and Mahapatra, 2018 ).…”

“…Frontiers in Chemistry frontiersin.org et al (2022) prepared a nanofiber base band with a multienzymeinorganic hybrid nanoflower structure for visual colorimetric detection for highly sensitive glucose detection (Figure 7C). A composite containing GOx, HRP, 3,3′,5,5′-tetra-methylbenzidine (TMB) and Mn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 was fixed to a layered porous PVA-co-PE nanofiber band.…”

A Review on Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors of Glucose Using Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposites

“…In the first type, an amperometric technique is used, which involves immobilizing a catalytic enzyme, to reduce oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Oxygen dependence and a high operating potential are the main disadvantages of this kind of biosensor [ 70 , 71 ]. The next type of glucose biosensor is designed to overcome the oxygen deficiency under a low oxygen pressure and high applied potential.…”

Current Challenges and Future Trends of Enzymatic Paper-Based Point-of-Care Testing for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

“…This type of biosensor has allowed the generation of devices for continuous in vivo glucose monitoring [ 62 , 63 , 64 ]. The fourth generation of glucose biosensors comprises sensors based on metal nanostructures where glucose oxidation occurs directly on the electrode surface and does not require enzymes [ 65 , 66 ]. A more detailed analysis of non-enzymatic sensors, especially those based on electrochemistry for glucose determination, can be found in the review by Professor Wang et al [ 67 ].…”