Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies

Abdullah, Bawadi; Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua’ad Syed; Shokravi, Zahra; Shah, Ismail; Kassim, Khairul Anuar; Mahmood, Azmi Nik; Aziz, Md. Maniruzzaman A.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.018

Cited by 391 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…Renewable fuels appear as an attractive option to satisfy this demand. Nowadays, there is a classification for these biofuels, which include: first generation, those produced from highly available food sources; second generation, those generated using non-edible raw materials or involving advanced technologies; third generation, including biofuels from algae; and finally, fourth generation, those including biofuels produced from genetically modified algae (Hoekman et al 2012;Abdullah et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sustainable process for biodiesel production using Zn/Mg oxidic species as active, selective and reusable heterogeneous catalysts

Navas

Ruggera

Lick

et al. 2020

Bioresour. Bioprocess.

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This paper describes the preparation and characterization of MgO and ZnO-based catalysts, pure and mixed in different proportions, supported on γ-Al 2 O 3. Their catalytic performance was studied in the transesterification of soybean oil and castor oil with methanol and butanol, attempting to produce biodiesel. XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), CO 2-adsorption and N 2-adsorption allowed characterizing the prepared catalysts. The characterization results were in all cases consistent with mesoporous solids with high specific surface area. All the catalysts exhibited good results, especially in the transesterification of castor oil using butanol. For this reaction, the reuse was tested, maintaining high FABE (fatty acid butyl esters) yields after four cycles. This good performance can be attributed to the basic properties of the Mg species, and simultaneously, to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, which allow both triglycerides and free fatty acids to be converted into esters. Using these catalysts, it is possible to obtain second-generation biodiesel, employing castor oil, a raw material that does not compete with the food industry. In addition, butanol can be produced from renewable biomass.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sustainable process for biodiesel production using Zn/Mg oxidic species as active, selective and reusable heterogeneous catalysts

Navas

Ruggera

Lick

et al. 2020

Bioresour. Bioprocess.

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“…The assessment of risks faced by companies producing BF in different countries of the world is an essential component for rational decision-making [24][25][26]. Respectively, it appeared to be necessary to analyze the above-listed indexes for a description of potential risks which may arise in this sphere of activity in Russia.…”

Section: Application Of the Proposed Indexes For Analysis Of Potentiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For setting out of the tools, the "before and after" conditions comparison method was used [14], as well as the contemporary methodology of Global Innovation Index [15][16][17], National Report on Innovations in Russia [18], some materials from publications on innovation management [19][20][21][22][23] were taken into account. Based on proposed tools with the using of grouping and determination methods [24][25][26], potential risks have been estimated. Risk assessment was performed using the method of E. Kulikova [27].…”

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confidence: 99%

Biofuel Application as a Factor of Sustainable Development Ensuring: The Case of Russia

Титова

2019

Energies

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Diffusion of the biofuels (BF) using is justified by opening up the opportunities for obtaining fuel and energy from previously inaccessible sources and by the existence of energy-deficient regions, in particular in Russia. Works of different scientists on the problems of creating and using BF were the methodological basis of this study. Information on the state and prospects of the development of renewable energy sources in Russian regions was collected from regulatory documents and was obtained by employing a questionnaire survey. For the study of the collected materials, the different methods of comparative analysis, and the methods of expert assessments were used. The results of the Status-Quo analysis of BF production in Russia have shown that the creation of BF performed relatively successfully. However, there are many more perspectives, connected with expanding the utilization of the different raw materials. Also, the analysis of organizational and economic mechanisms applied for production of BF and the obtained data on several organizations-producers allowed for proposing six indexes for the assessment of the BF production effectiveness. It is suggested that BF production in Russia will contribute to the sustainable development of a number of the country's regions in the near future.Energies 2019, 12, 3948 2 of 30 impact of permanent anthropogenic factors has required the taking of appropriate measures in this field both at the federal and regional levels. In particular, the accumulation of industrial, agricultural, and household wastes is becoming an essential incentive for the development of innovative activities aiming at the production of biofuel (BF). According to the existing data [3], the resource potential of recyclable organic waste biomass, including solid household wastes and sediments of wastewaters reaches 13,490.26 tons of coal equivalent (TCE) per year in Russia. This study led both at the federal level and in particular regions which have significant differences in terms of economic, geographic, and climatic conditions. According to pessimistic forecasts, the share of green energy in the Russian economy will arrive at 3-5% by 2035, according to positive ones, it will be equal to 8-10%. The proposed share of BF in the production of electric and heat energy with targeted management could be about 2-3% [4].Different geographic, climatic, economic, and other conditions in regions of Russia necessitate solving several scientific problems for optimization of the existing regional programs for the provision of sustainable development and determination of the role of REn and BF production in them.Therefore, the progress in BF production achieved in some leading countries has become a significant factor which causes a positive impact on the sustainable development of their economies. This gives rise to the suggestion that Russia has some conditions for a more extensive application of REn, in particular, for BF production and use. Correspondingly, this article characterizes some general trends of B...

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“…The major concern about the utilization of global energy is focused towards renewable and ecofriendly energy sources to replace the exhausting fossil fuels. In the present day, the worldwide focus is on environmental sustainability with clean energy carriers . The traditional sources for the commercial production of energy carriers and various chemical‐based raw materials are exclusively dependent on fossil fuels such as petroleum, diesel, coal, and natural gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biohydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation

2020

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Waste organic biomass is regarded as the most suitable renewable source for conversion to produce biofuels and biochemicals. Owing to its high‐energy potential and abundancy, lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized to produce alternative energy in the form of gaseous and liquid biofuels. Microbial conversion of waste biomass is the most successful technology for the generation of biohydrogen through dark fermentation. Different biological hydrogen production technologies along with process parameters are described in this review paper with the focus on dark fermentation. The production of biohydrogen from various substrates is summarized along with the integrated mode of dark fermentation and photofermentation. Hydrogen generation through biological water‐gas shift reaction is also highlighted.

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Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies

Cited by 391 publications

References 123 publications

A sustainable process for biodiesel production using Zn/Mg oxidic species as active, selective and reusable heterogeneous catalysts

A sustainable process for biodiesel production using Zn/Mg oxidic species as active, selective and reusable heterogeneous catalysts

Biofuel Application as a Factor of Sustainable Development Ensuring: The Case of Russia

Biohydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation

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