Fourier transform-limited optical frequency-modulated continuous-wave interferometry over several tens of laser coherence lengths

Xie, Weilin; Zhou, Qian; Bretenaker, Fabien; Xia, Zongyang; Shi, Hongxiao; Qin, Jie; Dong, Yi; Hu, Weisheng

doi:10.1364/ol.41.002962

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Besides, to prove the feasibility of the FIFT model, DSI experiments with laser employing a homemade optoelectronic phase-locked loop (OPLL) are conducted. The experimental setup of the OPLL is almost the same as the generation module in [23]. The aforementioned single-mode fiber laser is additionally stabilized to an all-fiber based UMZI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transform Model for Delayed Self-interferometry System

et al. 2020

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Understanding the effects of laser phase and frequency noise on laser interferometry is significant for evaluating the system performance. To precisely study the performance limit caused by laser frequency noise, here we propose and demonstrate a versatile model based on the Fourier and inverse Fourier transform (FIFT) method. This model, capable of estimating the beat note spectra of different delayed self-interferometry (DSI) with laser sources of arbitrary frequency noise properties, allows for accurate evaluations of the noise performance in a variety of interferometry based systems. Such a model has been experimentally validated using lasers with irregular frequency noise properties such as cavity stabilized fiber laser or laser under optical phase-locking, providing more detailed insight into the evolution of the frequency noise dynamics at different interferometric conditions. With average estimation goodness (AEG) of 0.9716 and computation complexity of O(NlogN), this model offers greater accuracy and lower complexity than conventional methods. It has also been confirmed that this model permits to distinguish the contributions from the laser frequency stability and other noise sources, which could be helpful for the noise analysis and performance optimization of the system.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is the variance of the beat note phase noise difference. According to the UMZI transform function T (f ) = 4 sin 2 (πτ f )/f 2 [23], S ϕ (f ) can be achieved by:…”

Section: Fift Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transform Model for Delayed Self-interferometry System

et al. 2020

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“…To evaluate the linearity of the system quantitatively, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the reflectivity peak of a fiber connector is generally used. The FWHM of the APC connector was 40 μm, which was the Fourier transform-limited spatial resolution [10]. At the end of the fiber, the FWHM of the APC connector decreased to about 3.48 mm.…”

Section: Methods 1: External Clock Based On a Zero-crossing Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinearity Correction in OFDR System Using a Zero-Crossing Detection-Based Clock and Self-Reference

Zhao

Tan

2019

Sensors

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Tuning nonlinearity of the laser is the main source of deterioration of the spatial resolution in optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) system. In this paper, we develop methods for tuning nonlinearity correction in an OFDR system from the aspect of data acquisition and post-processing. An external clock based on a zero-crossing detection is researched and implemented using a customized circuit. Equal-spacing frequency sampling is, therefore, achieved in real-time. The zero-crossing detection for the beating frequency of 20 MHz is achieved. The maximum sensing distance can reach the same length of the auxiliary interferometer. Moreover, a nonlinearity correction method based on the self-reference method is proposed. The auxiliary interferometer is no longer necessary in this scheme. The tuning information of the laser is extracted by a strong reflectivity point at the end of the measured fiber. The tuning information is then used to resample the raw signal, and the nonlinearity correction can be achieved. The spatial resolution test and the distributed strain measurement test were both performed based on this nonlinearity correction method. The results validated the feasibility of the proposed method. This method reduces the hardware and data burden for the system and has potential value for system integration and miniaturization.

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“…The inherent nonlinearities in the frequency modulation response can be mitigated a prior by the use of pre-distorted control signals. To further address this issue, optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) that permits for simultaneously sweep linearization and coherence enhancement have come into view [21], [22]. The effect of OPLL, nevertheless, is highly dependent on loop gain and loop bandwidth, thus fundamentally limited by loop delay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Semiconductor lasers with hybrid integration could substantially minimize the loop delay. But the residual phase errors due to the limited intrinsic coherence has yet made it difficult for long distance measurement [22], [23]. Conversely, the inherit frequency modulation response for commercial fiber lasers acts as a main limiting factor on loop bandwidth, hampering the further suppression of the residual phase error.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Range Enhanced Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry Using Dual-Loop Composite Optical Phase-Locking

et al. 2021

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We report on a dynamic range enhanced optical frequency domain reflectometry distributed backscattering interrogator based on dual-loop composite optical phase-locked loop (OPLL). Exploiting simultaneously an acousto-optic frequency shifter based an external modulation loop and a piezo based direct modulation loop, the proposed composite OPLL allows offering a larger loop bandwidth and gain, permitting a more efficient coherence enhancement as well as sweep linearization. A high fidelity frequency sweep of ~8.2 GHz at 164 GHz/s sweep rate is generated with a peak-to-peak frequency error as low as ~120 kHz. It leads to a dynamic range enhancement of more than 3 dB for the measured power loss compared to the case when only piezo loop is applied. This corresponds to ~15 km extension for the measurement range of Rayleigh backscattering without any spatial resolution penalties. Fourier transform-limited spatial resolution has been demonstrated at a range window more than about 28 times of the intrinsic coherence length of the adopted fiber laser. The proposed method provides a straightforward optimization of the real-time sweep control and is expected to be a useful tool in industrial and commercial applications.

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Fourier transform-limited optical frequency-modulated continuous-wave interferometry over several tens of laser coherence lengths

Cited by 23 publications

References 20 publications

Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transform Model for Delayed Self-interferometry System

Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transform Model for Delayed Self-interferometry System

Nonlinearity Correction in OFDR System Using a Zero-Crossing Detection-Based Clock and Self-Reference

Dynamic Range Enhanced Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry Using Dual-Loop Composite Optical Phase-Locking

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