Fourier Series Analysis for Novel Spatiotemporal Pulse Waves: Normal, Taut, and Slippery Pulse Images

Abstract

In this article, a three-dimensional pulse image (3DPI) instead of a one-dimensional temporal pulse wave is studied to elucidate its spatiotemporal characteristics. To check the spatial and temporal properties of 3DPI, adopted is Fourier series, in which a ratio (r) is defined as one amplitude divided by the sum of the first three amplitudes of harmonics. A ratio sequence is constituted from 70 to 90 ratios in a heartbeat with 70–90 3DPIs by sampling. Twenty-four subjects (14 males and 10 females with age of 22.2 ± 3.7 years, 20.4 ± 1.4 BMI, and 112.1 ± 4.7 mmHg systolic blood pressure) are involved in this research. There are significant statistical differences in the groups of the normal, taut, and slippery 3DPIs by the first harmonic ratio average (r1true¯) and ratio difference (Δr1) produced from the ratio sequence. The proposed method of this study gives us a novel viewpoint to clarify the spatiotemporal characteristics of pulse images, which can translate and quantize the pulse feeling in Chinese medicine texts.

A First Step towards a Comprehensive Approach to Harmonic Analysis of Synchronous Peripheral Volume Pulses: A Proof-of-Concept Study

“…Twain). In addition, as described in Matos et al's review [8] and Peng et al's report [9], the HA of radial arterial waveforms could make a significant contribution to traditional Chinese medicine. Professors Tsai et al indicated that the harmonic characteristics of the radial artery in the wrist at different positions and different parameters were not identical, and recommended that any measurement location in future studies on the HA of pressure pulse diagnosis needs a more finely adjusted analysis [10].…”

Analysis of the Radial Pulse Wave and its Clinical Applications: A Survey

“…In recent years, some studies have shown that analysis of the three-dimensional radial pulse waves reflects the concept of multi-dimensional pulse condition in TCM [97][98][99]. In order to make the TCM more intuitive and convincing, Chen et al used the array sensor to measure the three-dimensional pulse wave, which is helpful for doctors to make more accurate diagnosis [98].…”

“…In order to make the TCM more intuitive and convincing, Chen et al used the array sensor to measure the three-dimensional pulse wave, which is helpful for doctors to make more accurate diagnosis [98]. Peng et al used Fourier series to analyze three types of pulse images, which can quantize the pulse feeling in TCM [99].…”

“…Cardiac output power as an index to evaluate cardiac function [8] Estimation of CO [61] Relationship between PRV and HRV [62] Relationship between PRV and HRV under different temperature conditions [63] Vascular function Measurement of endothelial function [23] Prediction of arteriosclerosis [41] Measurement of arteriosclerosis by radial PWV [65] Effect of age on vascular function [8] Relationship between predicted age and vascular function [68] Relationship between predicted age and arterial stiffness [72] Assessment of vascular aging [39,72] Assessment of atherosclerosis [69] Assessment of CAD [70] Relationship between radial pulse waves and peripheral vascular diseases [71] Pulse diagnosis of TCM Quantitative analysis of TCM pulse diagnosis [4,96] Analysis of 3D visualization of TCM [98,99] Digital pulse diagnosis of TCM with artificial intelligence [100,101] As shown in Table Ⅶ, this review summarizes the three clinical areas of investigations of cardiac functions, vascular functions, and TCM pulse diagnosis reflected by the radial pulse wave. In the analysis of cardiac functions, this paper focuses on CO and HRV.…”

Interpretable and accurate curve‐fitting method for arterial pulse wave modeling and decomposition

“…Second, two key point values of the pulse are detected and assigned to individualize the functions. In addition, three indices , , and based on hemodynamic knowledge 17,18 are proposed to verify the interpretability of the modeling characteristics.…”